Introduction for Gary Berg-Cross

1. Introduction for Gary Berg-Cross Knowledge Strategies gbergcross@gmail.com

2. PreAmble….. • I’m a Cognitive Psychologist, interested in the role of comprehension, how knowledge is acquired and used. • I’ve worked in AI, intelligent system design & knowledge engineering. • One of the fundamental problems is the challenge of handling better formalization of semantics and pragmatics while simultaneously being more faithful to natural systems and systems of thought. • My current project involves helping geo-scientist communities collaborate to share information, integrate knowledge and solve common problems. Natural Systems Formal Theory

3. Current Work on NSF INTEROP Grant Spatial Ontology Community of Practice (SOCoP see socop.org)an Interdisciplinary Network to Support Geospatial Data Sharing, Integration, and Interoperability • Geospatial data are needed for many types of applications such as the geoWeb along with emerging interdisciplinary areas that require collaboration. • But re-using this data is difficult due in part to semantic heterogeneity resulting from different community views. • We work on ontology products & semantic technologies to help with semantic interoperability. Events • Various knowledge sources: • Human world (commonsense) • robot world (programmed, emergent) • Geo-knowledge (GML, other standards) • Spatial domain (spatial calculi, ontologies) • GeoSciences Disciplines(geography, earth science etc.) • Language (linguistics) GeoSPARQL Spatial Relations Geometry Feature Types Classified geospatial data sets: biology, geology, soil, forestry, Agricultural, etc.

4. Geospatial information is an important kind– Geometry (Precise), Features, Maps, Categories, Imprecise GeoScience Models Real & Human Realm Objects Boundary Boxes For Natural Regions Space A polygonal area. <meta name="DC.coverage.spatial.region" content="1 1, 4 2, 5 4, 3 6, 2 3, 1 1"> Some precise math used for the geometry/shape of “features”

5. Classification Example - Traditional land cover taxonomy (Source - Ola Ahlqvist OSU) • Easily translated to an ontology description language as class-subclass relations and class specific properties • But no agreement on a unified taxonomy –categories change to accommodate agricultural themes, climate change etc. • CORINE & GlobCover &MODIS/IGBP • Not even our USGS system could stay the same from one time to the other • National Land Cover Data (NLCD) used slightly different classes in 1992 and 2001 • Note: SSoil classifications have similar issues • http://www.itc.nl/~rossiter/research/rsrch_ss_class.html

6. 11 Open Water 21 Developed, Open Space 22 Developed, Low Intensity 23 Developed, Medium Intensity 24 Developed, High Intensity 31 Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay) 41 Deciduous Forest 42 Evergreen Forest 43 Mixed Forest 81 Pasture/Hay 82 Cultivated Crops 90 Woody Wetlands 95 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands National Land Cover Data (NLCD) 92-01 PA change example Different classification systems create problems! Ahlqvist, O., 2008, Extending post classification change detection using semantic similarity metrics to overcome class heterogeneity: a study of 1992 and 2001 National land Cover Database changes, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(3):1226-1241 ? ?

7. Zimbabwe Sudan Turkey Tanzania United UNESCO States China Jamaica Estonia Same issues around global definitions of “forest” 16 14 12 10 8 Tree height (m) 6 4 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Canopy cover (%) Adds Life forms, leaf phenology, water cycle

8. Dr. Tawan Banchuen School of Environment University of Auckland

9. Understanding is Complicated:Geo-Social-Temporal Semantics of Potholes • To understand a Domain we start with general usage of terms within the domain • Area feature - A geographic entity that encloses a region; for example, a landscape, lake, administrative area, or state. • Geographic entity - A real-world feature that is of interest; something about which data is stored. • 65 feature classes listed in USGS Gazetteer Feature Classes But consider some physical definitions: • Potholes are defined variously as cracks (at least in the UK) • of more than 30mm depth [North East Somerset, UK] • with a width of a ’large dinner plate’ (300mm) and the depth of • a ’golf ball’ (40mm) [Gloucestershire, UK] • with a width of a ’dinner plate’ (200mm) and a minimum depth of • a ’fist’ (40mm) [Worcestershire, UK] • depth of ’a pound coin and a 1p coin side by side’ [Coventry] • These impact other domains. • Due to a severe winter (Time) millions of potholes need to be repaired by the local councils (Social aspect) that are legally responsible for the roads maintenance) within their administrative boundaries (also Social) . After KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ (PSU/SB)

10. Ontology Defined Pothole? Bigger than… We need Ontology Engineering practices as well as an Ontology Language to produce quality ontologies. OWL Ontology Defs don’t always fit Intended Conceptualization - Krzysztof Janowicz

11. WorldSituations Two Part Process to Create a Quality Ontology Pragmatic validation Bottle on Table. Flower in Vase “in” is “invariant” Conceptualization C starts to model (part of) the world Interaction Possible Models in various Languages Abstraction Bottle on Table Intuition expressed in semantics Models defines relationship between L syntax and interpretations Intended Model Fitting C Our Ontology Product (C for D with K in Ontology L) Approximates Ontology Models for D Commitments Adapted liberally from Guarino’s 1998 Formal Ontology in Information Systems (LOA group, Rome)

13. Backup Slides

14. Collaboration Competence Questions (CQ) about Collaboration Sessions (CS) • - What are the artifacts of a CS? • - Who are the participants of a CS? • - What are the objectives of a CS? • - When and where a CS happens? • - What are the rules of a CS? • - What kind of artifact a CS generates? • - What kind of participants a CS has? • - How the collaborations artifacts are generated? • - Who are the participants of a communication action? • - What is the protocol of a communication action? • - What is the language used to exchange messages among agents? • - What is the context of a communication action? • What is the media used on a communication action? From Towards a Collaboration Ontology by Felipe F. Oliveira, Julio C. P. Antunes,, Renata Guizzardi, www.inf.ufes.br/~ffrechiani/files/collaborationontology.pdf

15. 4. A CS has one or more objectives, defining its main purpose or goal with priorities.. Start of a Collaboration Ontology 1. A collaboration session (CS) is an event composed of the actions of its participants. 4 1 2 3. 2. A participation is performed by a participant which can have 1 or more participations. 3. These actions are instantaneous events (atomic event) and they are named here participations (e.g., the action of sending or receiving a message).

16. In Context View - Models are Approximate From “Theories, Models, Reasoning, Language, and Truth” by John F. Sowa. See also Gary Berg-Cross.” A Pragmatic Approach to Discussing Intelligence in Systems”, PerMIS 2004 and my discussion of Scruffy Vs. Neat Approaches & Models in “Information Assimilation and Indexed Knowledge” presented at NIH’s BCIG 2002

17. Martin Doerr/DCC: Ontology Use & Digital Curation Processes • Ontology-mediated communication may take place with regard to the form and the states of the digital curation processes, the formal structure of documents and metadata &..the subject or knowledge contained in the documents themselves. • Ontology help in Design phase - system designers, digital curators & content experts can agree on their functional requirements, define data and metadata structures, and identify mechanisms for achieving interoperability and integration between heterogeneous • Prominent application is the indexing of content for resource discovery Manual for Digital Curation Centre (DCC) http://www.dcc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/resource/curation-manual/chapters/ontologies/ontologies.pdf

18. Portion of CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Represented Concepts for reasoning about spatial information. http://www.cidoc-crm.org/docs/cidoc_crm_version_4.2.1.pdf 5 of the main hierarchy branches are included in this view: E39 Actor, E51Contact Point, E41 Appellation, E53 Place, & E70 Thing.

19. Pragmatic Problems of Semantic Interpretation of Natural Language Descriptions • Although we would all like to think that we have a complete mental model all done up ready for use in our own heads, and writing axioms is just formalizing it, this isn’t borne out by experience. • The very act of writing down ones intuitive knowledge as formal sentences reveals aspects of your own thoughts which weren't apparent before, • much of what we know defies simply being written down formally. What does preposition ‘in’ mean? Everyday uses of spatial prepositions (in) - ambiguous in spatial terms - meaningful as object' function- pragmatics What does ‘in’ or “under” functionally mean? “The cat is in the table” John Bateman‘s Onto-Space work at the University of Bremen

20. Ontological Resources?  relevant to describe cultural heritage collections ? CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Contains 80 classes & 130 http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/browser/ontologies/1430325433/ ISO 21127 ?concepts

21. Federating Concepts from Local Partition For German Community of Interest - has particular Instance footprints Gazetteer Content Standard – minimum definition with Name After The Role of Ontology in Improving Gazetteer Interaction Krzysztof Janowicz & Carsten Keler, 2007

22. Specializing Example: Evapotransparation Process Devaraju and Kuhn 2010 developed a design pattern for evaporation as part of a Hydrology domain and mapped it to DOLCE. “An instance of Vegetation is participant-in an instance of a Transpiration process.”

23. Dolce Ultra Lite (DUL) : 29 classes and 43 Properties isDescribedBy The relation between an Entity & a Description: a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot. URI:http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy see also Sensor Network Ontology

24. Nearness Model- uses Scale Model 4 Point Scale of nearest, near & close

25. There’s Various Work on Ontologically “Better” Taxonomies & Domain Models • Emergency Event Types • Emergency Organization Command Systems • Emergency Equipment Names and Descriptions • Geospatial Coordinate Systems (OGC paper at ISCRAM)‏ • Units of Measurements But many have semantic problems Kruchten, et al (2007, May). A human-centered conceptual model of disasters affecting critical infrastructures. Paper at the Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management 2007, combined with Sotoodeh http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~jiirp/JIIRP_Open_Publications/jiirp_i2c_042.pdf.

26. Faceted Classification