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Understanding Immunotherapeutics: A Comprehensive Overview

Immunotherapeutics, also known as biologic therapy, utilizes the immune system to combat diseases like cancer. This treatment targets specific antigens or immune checkpoints to modulate the immune response. Types of immunotherapy include monoclonal antibody therapy, non-specific immunotherapies, cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapy, and checkpoint inhibitors. Humanization antibody therapy, a targeted immunotherapy, involves modifying antibodies derived from non-human sources to make them more compatible with the human immune system. Techniques like CDR grafting, phage display technology, and transgenic animals are used in humanizing monoclonal antibodies.

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Understanding Immunotherapeutics: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. Topic Topic – – immunotherapeutics immunotherapeutics

  2.  Introduction  Types of Immunotherapy  Humanization Antibody Therapy  Immunotherapeutics in clinical practice

  3. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION It is also sometimes called biologic therapy or biotherapy. • It is a treatment that uses certain parts of the immune system to fight disease such as Cancer. • It designed to target specific antigen or immune Checkpoints to activate or suppress the immune response for the therapeutics purposes. •

  4. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY The main types of immunotherapy Are; Monoclonal Antibody Non –Specific Immunotherapies Cancer Vaccine Adoptive T cell therapy Checkpoint Inhibitor.

  5. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY  Many copies of a specific antibody can be made in lab. These are known as Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs or moAbs).  These antibodies can be useful in fighting diseases because they can designed specifically to only target a certain antigen, such as one that is found on Cancer Cells.

  6. NON NON- - SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPIES SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPIES ‘Non Non – – specific immunotherapies don’t target cancer cells specifically specific immunotherapies don’t target cancer cells specifically.’  Non specific immunotherapies refer to treatment that enhance the overall immune response without specifically targeting a particular antigen or disease.  EXAMPLE Calmette EXAMPLE – – Cytokines , interleukins , BCG (Bacillus Calmette – –Guerin) Cytokines , interleukins , BCG (Bacillus Guerin)

  7. CYTOKINES CYTOKINES Cytokines are chemicals made by some immune system cells . They are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells in the body. Cytokines are injected , either under the skin, into a muscle, or into vein.

  8. WORKING WORKING

  9. Cancer vaccine Cancer vaccine  The aim of cancer vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to be able to recognise cancer cells as abnormal and destroy them. TYPES OF CANCER TREATMENT VACCINE TYPES OF CANCER TREATMENT VACCINE  Tumor cell vaccine  Antigen vaccine  Dendritic cell vaccine  Vector –based vaccine .

  10. ADOPTIVE T CELL THERAPY ADOPTIVE T CELL THERAPY A type of immunotherapy in which T cells (a type of immune cell) are given to a patient to help the body fight diseases, such as cancer.

  11. CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR  Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a type of immunotherapy used in cancer treatment.  It involves the use of drugs that target specific proteins known as checkpoint inhibitor.  Which are present on immune cells and cancer cells.

  12. HUMANIZATION ANTIBODY THERAPY HUMANIZATION ANTIBODY THERAPY  Humanization antibody therapy ,also known as humanized monoclonal antibody therapy.  It is type of targeted immunotherapy used to treat various disease, including cancer and autoimmune disorder .  It involves creating antibodies in laboratory .  It derived from non- human sources (often mice), and then modifying them to make them more similar to human antibodies.

  13. HUMANISATION ANTIBODY THERAPY HUMANISATION ANTIBODY THERAPY  Humanization antibody therapy refers to a types of treatment that uses antibodies derived from human sources to target specific disease substances in the body.  The process of humanization involves modifying antibody originally found in non- human species (such as mice) to make them more compatible with the human immune system.  reducing the risk of an immune reaction.

  14. TECHNIQUES OF HUMANIZING mAb TECHNIQUES OF HUMANIZING mAb 1. CDR grafting 2. Phage display technology 3. Transgenic animals.

  15. PHAGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY PHAGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY

  16. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

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