World History Ancient Rome

1. World HistoryAncient Rome Unit 4

2. Origin of the Etruscans • Between 900 and 500 BCE • Called themselves the Rasenna, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenioi; theRomans called them the Etruscans. • ____________________________________________________________________. • Their land was called Etruria.

3. The Land of the Etruscans

4. Etruscan Religion • ___________________________. • Believed that the destiny of manwas determined by the whims of the gods. • Believed in prophecy and readingthe signs of nature by augurs. • Believed in predestination.

5. Etruscan Art • ____________________________________________________________________________. • Most famous pieces created out ofterracotta. • Many murals and frescoes on tomb walls. • Lively depictions of life—dancing, games,music, and feasting. • Pottery at first copies of Greek works. • Later, created their own bronze pottery. • Bronze crafts [mirrors, bowls, candelabra].

6. Rome is located in the center of the Italian peninsula. This location helped the Romans expand in Italy and beyond. The Apennine Mountains run down the center of Italy but are not too rugged. Fertile plains supported a growing population. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________. Geography and Rome

7. How was Greco-Roman civilization formed? _________________________________________________________________________________________________. At the same time, Roman generals carried achievements of Roman civilization to conquered lands. The blending of Roman, Hellenistic, and Greek traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization. Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped spread this new civilization.

9. The Roman Republic: In 509 B.C., the ____________________________ and set up a new government, which they called a republic. In a republic, some officials are chosen by the people. In the early republic, the senate dominated the government. ________________________________________________________________________________________________. Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes. ___________________________________________________________. More than 2,000 years later, the framers of the United States Constitution would adapt Roman ideas of government, such as the senate, the veto, and checks on political power.

10. 3 Important Groups in the Roman Republic: • _________________________ • The Assembly of the _________________________ • The Assembly of the _________________________

11. The Roman Senate • The Senate was the most powerful group in the government. • Composed of three hundred men • Controlled _______________________ • Controlled political appointments • Determined ______________________ • Sometimes acted as a court

12. The Assembly of the Centuries • ___________________________________________________________. • Each century had 100 members • There were 193 centuries in the Assembly

13. The Assembly of the Tribes • Made up of citizens grouped into 35 tribes according to ___________ ______________________________ • The group was controlled by the _____________________________.

14. Patricians and Plebeians • Patricians – ___________________ _____________________________. • The word patrician comes from the Latin word pater, which means father. • This word was also used to describe the members of the Roman Senate.

15. Patricians came from ________________________. • They controlled the government, army, and state religion.

16. Plebeians – ____________________ ______________________________. • Included freed slaves, peasant farmers, and dependents of patricians. • Denied many rights.

17. For many years, plebeians were unable to vote, hold public office, or become priests. • They were not allowed to marry outside their class.

18. Expansion in Italy Why was Rome’s expansion in Italy successful? By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula. • Skilled diplomacy • ________________________________ • Treated defeated enemies ___________ • Gave _________ to conquered people

19. WOMEN FAMILY Women gained greater freedom and influence over the centuries. Some women ran businesses. Most worked at home, raising families. ____________________________________________________. Male was head of household and had absolute authority. RELIGION EDUCATION Gods and goddesses resembled those of Greeks and Etruscans. Religious festivals inspired sense of community. Romans built many temples for worship. Both girls and boys learned to read and write. _____________________________________________. Roman Society:

20. Roman Religion • The religion of Rome was centered around trying to please the gods. • Polytheism – ______________________. • Each god was linked to a particular human activity. • Every activity honoring the gods had to be carried out in the appropriate space. • Each god has an assigned space.

21. Around 400 B.C., plebeians were given the right to marry patricians, run for consul, and be eligible for priesthood. • In 287 B.C., the comitia tributa, an __________________________, was given the power to make laws that bound everybody.

22. The Colosseum • Romans marveled at the shows put on at the Colosseum, ancient Rome’s largest stadium. • Spectators watched • the slaughter of exotic animals, gladiators battling to the death, and mock naval battles.

23. An Architectural Marvel! • The Colosseum was an architectural marvel. Its floor was about the size of modern football field. • _____________________________________________________________________________________________________. • There, they were protected from the hot Roman sun by a giant canvas roof.

24. Spartacus • Rome needed workers to ____________________________________. • The first conquered people were welcomed as Roman citizens, but after 265bc, many conquered people were auctioned off as ____________________________________. • A great deal of the grandeur of Rome was created by ________________________________.

25. A slave named Spartacus led a revolt against the Romans 73bc. • Spartacus built an army of thousands of soldiers from slaves he and his followers liberated. • _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

26. The Roman councils sent an army of 40,000 soldiers to _____________________________. • Spartacus was milled in battle, but six thousand of his soldiers were taken prisoner and crucified. • _______________ is a form of execution where the prisoner is nailed to a cross and left to die a slow, painful death. • Crosses stretched for miles along the Apian Way, one of Rome’s most traveled roadways. • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

27. Pompeii and Vesuvius • Pompeii was an ancient city in Italy that became famous by its destruction following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. • Pompeii became a Roman city in 91 B.C. • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

28. In the _______________, Mount Vesuvius erupted violently. • Hot ashes, stones, and cinders rained down on Pompeii. • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • About three-fourths of the city of Pompeii has been uncovered by archeologists.

29. Decline of the Republic: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Small farmers no longer needed to produce food New wealth increases corruption Farmers flock to Rome and other cities looking for jobs Greed and self-interest replace virtues of simplicity, hard work, and devotion to duty Civil wars

30. From Republic to Empire: Civil wars Julius Caesar forces the Roman senate to make him dictator. Caesar institutes reforms to try to solve Rome’s many problems. Caesar is killed by enemies who feared that he planned to make himself king of Rome. More civil wars break out. Octavian defeats Mark Antony in a struggle for power. The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted One, and declares him first citizen. The 500-year republic comes to an end. The age of the Roman empire begins.

31. Winning an Empire After gaining control of the Italian peninsula, Rome began to build an empire around the _______________________. • The Romans followed a policy of imperialism, ________________________________________________________________________________. • Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor became Roman provinces, or lands under Roman rule.

32. When Hannibal was born in 247 BCE, his birthplace Carthage was losing a long and important war. • ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • However, it had suffered severe losses from the Romans in the First Punic War.

33. Prelude to Hatred • After Rome's victory, it stripped Carthage of its most important province, __________________. • As a result of this chaos, ___________ ______________________, and Rome used this opportunity to seize Sardinia and Corsica as well. • These events must have made a great impression on the young Hannibal.

34. An Influential Father • Hannibal's people  originally came from the Middle East. • ______________________________________________________________ • Hamilcar took the ten-year old boy to Iberia in 237 B.C.. • Hannibal and his father (Hamilcar) crossed to Spain with no army.

35. True or False? • The Romans believed that Hannibal's father forced his son to promise eternal hatred against the Romans. • In fact, it is believed that at age 9 Hannibal made a promise to his father to _____________________ _________________________________________. • This might only by an invention, but there may be some truth in the story: after all, the Carthaginians had good reasons to hate their enemies.

36. When Hamilcar died in 229 B.C., his son-in-law _______________ took over command. • The new governor secured the Carthaginian position by _______________ _________, among which was intermarriage between Carthaginians and Iberians. • Hannibal married a native princess. • It is likely that the young man visited Carthage in these years.

37. Hannibal Becomes General! • In 221 B.C., Hasdrubal was murdered and Hannibal was elected commander by the Carthaginian army in Iberia. • The Carthaginian government confirmed the decision. • ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

38. Tensions • Tensions between Carthage and Rome were still strong after the first Punic War. • ______________________________________________________________________ • Rome also felt that it was necessary to take territory from Carthage in order to subdue Carthage and to expand itself. • In addition, Rome wanted to control more of the Mediterranean.

39. The Punic Wars • After 350 B.C. the Romans began to expand their rule beyond their city. • ____________________________________________________________ • By 275 B.C. Rome ruled much of it.

40. _______________________________________________________________________________________________._______________________________________________________________________________________________.

41. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • The result was a series of three wars.

42. The First Punic War • Began in 264 B.C. and ended twenty three years later when ____________________________.

43. Carthage often used war elephants and trained them to fight by trampling prisoners • At the Battle of Zama, Romans stampeded Hannibal's 80 war elephants using trumpets to scare and confuse them.

44. The Second Punic War • Began in 218 B.C. and ended in 202 B.C. when Rome defeated Hannibal. • ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

45. Between the Pyrenees in Spain and the Alps in Italy Hannibal had lost 44,000 men. • Finally in Italy, Hannibal had only 26,000 men (he started with 70,000) • ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

47. Defeat for Hannibal • After the 1st battle in Italy, only one elephant was left. • _______________________ killed many soldiers and animals and caused Hannibal to lose one eye. • Brother Hasdrubal came with an army to help but was defeated - his head was cut off by the Romans and sent to Hannibal.

48. Hannibal did not attack the city of Rome because __________________________. • One of Hannibal's generals said: "You know, Hannibal, how to fight. You do not know how to win." - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

49. The Third Punic War • Began in 149 B.C. when Rome declared war on Carthage. • _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

50. At the end of the 3rd Punic War, ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • Rome had won again!