Latin America

1. Latin America WORLDS COLLIDING!!!

2. 3 Peoples • Europeans, Africans, Native Americans • Latin America, today, is a collection of those three cultures • Modern Latin America – Many Symbols of Unity that come from Western European Connection • Politically – Capitalist, Nation-States • Linguistically – Romance Languages Dominate • Religious – Overwhelmingly Roman Catholic

3. Activity • Sit with three people around you, and try to combine your cultural backgrounds. • Pretend you will have to live near or with each other – which traditions would you keep? Which would you lose? Why? • Think in broad themes – Language, food, religion, living arrangements, cultural traditions, family structure, value on education, methods of employment, etc • Make a list of what your “Country” would have, and why

4. Division • Racial and Cultural Difference – Native American Presence in Mexico, Central America, and the Andes • Caribbean and Brazil – Dense African populations • Argentina and Uruguay – Large European populations from immigration

5. Eclectic Collection of Peoples and Traditions • “Latin America” – Even the name doesn’t make sense – came from the French in the 1850s and focused on the “Latin” Countries of Europe • 21st Century Latin America - Mixture of countries that gained independence from France, Spain, and Brazil, and territories that have their own unique culture but are not independent (Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands)

6. First “Americans” • By 12,000 BCE, humans inhabited Americas – From Canada to Tierra Del Fuego • Settlement in Monte Verde, Chile changed the view of inhabitation of the Americas

7. Ancient Cultures of Central and South America:The Maya, Aztec, and Inca

8. Mayan Map

9. The Mayans • The culture's beginnings have been traced back to 1500 BC. • The Height of Mayan civilizationwas between 600 and 900 AD. • Mayans were an urban people, but they built their cities in rain forests

10. Mayan Writing • devised a complex style of hieroglyphic writing that has yet to be fully deciphered. • Maya words are formed from various combinations of nearly 800 signs.

11. Maya Technology • The Maya, for example, were so advanced in mathematics and astronomy that their calendar was the world's most accurate until this century. They could also predict solar and lunar eclipses. • The Maya calendar was adopted by the other Mesoamerican nations, such as the Aztecs and the Toltec. The pyramid was used as a calendar: four stairways, each with 91 steps and a platform at the top, making a total of 365, equivalent to the number of days in a calendar year.

12. Agriculture • The basis of the culture was farming, which included not only the cultivation of maize, beans, squash, and chili peppers, but also "cash crops" of cotton and cacao.

13. Religion • The most revered deities (Gods) were Itzamna and Ix Chel, father and mother of all other gods, and the rain god Chac. Kukulcan was the Mayan name for the feathered serpent, god of the ruling caste. • Ceremonies revolved around their calendar • Human Sacrifice – blood letting, sometimes human hearts

14. TIKAL

15. Downfall • Insufficient food supply, earthquakes, pestilence, invasion by outsiders, internal rebellion or a combination of these factors have all been suggested as possible causes for the fall of the Mayan eminence. What appears certain is that by 900 AD the Maya's numerous ceremonial centers had been abandoned.

16. Aztec map

17. Aztec • Prior to the 15th century, the Aztecs were a marginal tribe living on the edge of Lake Texcoco, the site of present day Mexico City • Leading a highly codified government was an all-powerful emperor who exacted taxes from the conquered and distributed land to his people, especially the warriors.

18. Tenochtitlan • By 1473, after subjugating neighboring tribes, they ruled the largest empire Mexico had ever seen. Their capital of Tenochtitlan, set in the lake, was a picturesque city of pyramids, mile-long floating roads, aqueducts, animated marketplaces, and one hundred thousand residents.

19. Tenochtitlan

20. Government • Leading a highly codified government was an all-powerful emperor who exacted taxes from the conquered and distributed land to his people, especially the warriors.

21. Aztec Calendar -The Aztecs used a Calendar similar to The Mayans. It had a 365 day a year Calendar. -In the mythology of the Aztecs, the first age of mankind ended with the animals devouring humans. The second age was finished by wind, the third by fire, and the fourth by water. The present fifth epoch is called Nahui-Olin (Sun of Earthquake), which began in 3113 BC and will end on December 24, 2011. It will be the last destruction of human existence on Earth.

22. Aztec Writing • The Aztec Language was based on symbols representing writing. • They would combine symbols to create sentences.

23. Mythology • According to an Aztec myth, the white-faced Quetzacuatl - their most important god. • He is the god of intelligence and the god of creation.

25. Inca Map

26. Inca • Between 1200 and 1535 AD, the Inca population lived in the part of South America extending from the Equator to the Pacific coast of Chile.

28. Incan Government • The Inca society was arranged by a strict hierarchical structure. • The Highest Level the Sapa, high priest or ruler, and the army commander at the top. • The temple priests, architects and regional army commanders were next. • The two lowest classes consisted of artisans, army captains, farmers, and herders. • Farmers provided most of the food for the rest of the population. They had to pay tax in the form of gold, which were distributed to the higher classes.

29. Inca Agriculture • The Inca developed drainage systems and canals to expand their crop resources. Potatoes, tomatoes, cotton, peanuts and coca were among the many crops grown by the Inca. • Llama were used for meat and transportation. There was more than enough resources available for everyone. Increased subsistence levels led to a growth in the Inca population.

30. Inca Technology • The Incas had an incredible system of roads. One road ran almost the entire length of the South American Pacific coast. • Since the Incas lived in the Andes Mountains, the roads took great engineering and architectural skill to build. • On the coast, the roads were not surfaced. • The Incas paved their highland roads with flat stones and built stone walls to prevent travelers from falling off cliffs.

31. Columbian Exchange • Begins, obviously, with Columbus • Diseases were the most influential “exchange” • Smallpox, chicken pox, typhus, measles, whooping cough, measles, mumps • Between 1492 and 1650, it is POSSIBLE that disease killed 90 percent of the first “Americans” – over 20 million lived in the Americas before 1492. • What affect does this have? Where do the people think diseases come from?

32. Bradford • “The good hand of God favored our beginnings,” Bradford mused, by “sweeping away great multitudes of the natives … that he might make room for us.” • William Bradford

33. Crops and animals • East to West • Wheat, barley, Rye, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits, rice, cotton • Horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs • West to East • maize (corn), potatoes, cassava, beans, squashes, pineapple, tomato, avocado, etc • Potatoes and Maize had the most significant effect

35. Disease • Hit by wave after wave of multiple diseases to which they had utterly no resistance, they [the indigenous peoples] died by the millions. Disease spread from the paths of explorers and the sites of colonization like a stain from a drop of ink on a paper towel. In fact, in North America, disease spread faster than European colonization. When Hernando de Soto explored the Mississippi Valley in the early 1500s he found large, thriving cities connected by networks of trade. By the time Rene-Robert de La Salle followed de Soto’s footsteps in the 1680s, those cities had evaporated.

36. Globalization • How is modern globalization similar to the Columbian Exchange?

37. Latin America – Shaping up! • Why does revolution happen? Where does it come from? • What can help make a revolution successful? • What have been some successful revolutions in modern world history (post-1600)

38. Seeds of revolution • Revolutions in Latin America were not started by indigenous people – they were started and won by those that settled there • Why – a huge chunk of the indigenous population had died • The “settlers” had been there for almost 300 years

39. ALL about status/Background • Creoles vs. Peninsulares • Europeans felt like they were better than anyone born in the New World – think about the American Revolution Different Folks, Different strokes • Look at the Island of Hispaniola – DR and Haiti – why don’t they like each other?

40. Haiti • Where does the word “Creole” come from? • The Haitian Rebellion and Revolution became a symbol of possibility all around Latin America • 1789 – 1804 – Many firsts – first place in Americas where slaves were freed, first former slave Revolutionary – Toussaint L’Ouverture, and first successful revolution in the Americas

41. Important Cultural Developments in Europe that affected Revolutions in the Americas • Different Rulers – Bourbons vs. Hapsburgs – less personal touch from the French • Enlightenment Philosophies • Real birth of Radicalism • Death of the “Serf” “Americans today and perhaps to a greater extent than ever before, who live within the Spanish system, occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor.” – Simon Bolivar

42. Why Everything “exploded” when it did…. • In a word – Napoleon • Countries needed to focus their attention at home

43. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

44. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS: MENU CAUSES LEADERS EFFECTS

45. CAUSES PROBLEMS OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

46. PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE * Political Disempowerment: Spanish colonies were run by the Council of the Indies, a group appointed by the King that met in Spain and sent its directives across the Atlantic. Those directives were carried out by the viceroys, officials appointed by Spain to govern the colonies. * Economic Disempowerment: Spain had the first right to colonial goods and resources. Excluding all competitors, economic policy was set for Spain’s maximum benefit.

47. SOCIAL HIERARCHY Peninsulares: Native Spaniards Creoles: People of pure European blood But born in the New World P Mulattos: African + European blood C Mestizos: Indian + European blood M & M I & A Indians and Africans CAUSES

48. THE ENLIGHTENMENT CAUSES BEFORE: Kings are placed on the throne by God. Only God can remove them. * Government is based on a contract between the ruler and the ruled. * Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural rights of life, liberty, & property. * If the government violates the natural rights of the people, the citizens have a right to revolt against that tyranny.

49. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION * Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804. * In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered. * In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees.

50. LEADERS SANMARTIN BOLIVAR HIDALGO MORELOS