高考阅读理解

高考阅读理解 ——猜测词义探究与对策湖北孝感汉川一中英语王丽

depressed/gloomy/speechless/blue… 今天好囧啊，数学考试好多题目都做不出来。

If you come across new words when reading, what will you do? • Ignore them and continue reading • Look them up in the dictionary • Guess the meaning

猜测词义题目类型 对考纲外生词的猜测 The other was a very old and dilapidated one, which had seen many years of service,... (2011，重庆卷) 对考纲内熟词新义的猜测 Two thirds of customers say that environmental consideration inform their purcheases to the same degree as they did a year ago,…. (2010，福建卷) 对词组或句意的猜测 While matters of money and care won’t be settled for weeks, Jane hardly puts her life on hold. (2010，四川卷)

2008-2011阅读理解试题分类情况

1）The underlined word/phrase in the passage means _______． 2）The word “it(them)”in the first paragraph refers to ______. 3）The underlined word can be replaced by ______. 词义猜测题型常见的提问方式：

2. Definition or explanation 定义或解释 How to guess the meanings of words? 1. Word formation 构词法 3. Similarity 相似法 4. Contrast 对比法 5. Cause and effect 因果法

unbelievable 1. Word formation 构词法 (派生、合成等) -able un- believe prefix (前缀) word root (词根） suffix (后缀)

Guess the meanings of the following prefixes. ① retell ② minibus ③ overweight ④ prearrange ⑤ superstar ⑥ semicircle ⑦ enrich ⑧ telescope ⑨ disagree of small size too much; outside again above; over half; partially before over a long distance not make or become

-er/-or/-ian/-ist/-ese/-ess -ment/-tion/-ness/-sion -al/-ble/-ful/-ish/-ive/-ous -en/-ize/-ify Do you know the following suffixes? 名词后缀名词后缀形容词后缀动词后缀

点拨 semiconscious 半清醒的，半昏迷的 1. He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes. semiconscious 半, 部分清醒的, 有意识的

outlaw 点拨 2. Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 , after the fall of theTaliban (塔利班), which had outlawedTV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. (2010，福建) Q:The underlined word “outlawed” probably means . A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused 超越、超过 out law

2. Definition or explanation 定义或解释法 Example 4(举例) Have a try! Example 3(定语从句) Example 2(同位语) Example 1(定义) 对生词以定义、同位语、定语从句、举例等方式加以解释和说明。 Example 5(其它)

木匠在对生词进行定义的时候，定义句的谓语动词多为： be/mean/deal with/refer to等。 1. A carpenter can be defined as a person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects.

听诊器 注意两个部分的标点符号构成同位关系(appostion)的两个部分之间多用逗号(comma)连接，有时也用破折号(dash)、冒号(colon)和括号(brackets)等。 2. Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a person’s lungs and his heartbeats.

3. …Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifters, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them… Q:What does the word “shoplifter” mean? A. 商店里的小偷 B. 商店里的推销员 C. 商店里的老客户 D. 商店里的搬运工定语从句也可以帮助我们理解生词的含义。

家禽根据举例也可以推测生词的词义，表示列举的词和短语有：such as /like/ for instance/ for example 4. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.

起解释和说明的作用 5. Of course，the good of oxen is not limited to plowing(犁). In fact，they are seen as “boats on land” for their ability to carry loads. Besides，the whole body of an ox is full of treasures. Their meat and milk are food full of nutrition，and their skin can be used to make clothes and shoes. With all these qualities, oxen are regarded as generous creatures. （2009，安徽） Q:The words “boats on land” underlined refer to _____. A．animals for taking goods B．creatures for pulling plows C．treasures of the folk culture D．tools in the farming economy

不利的；有害的 3. Similarity 相似法在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可以从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。 • Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental • to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

2. When I first got an email account ten years ago, I received communications only from family, friends and colleagues. Now it seems that every time I check my e-mail, I have an endless seriers of advertisement and other correspondence that do not interest me at all. If we want e-mail to continue to be useful, we need special laws that make spamming(发送垃圾邮件) a crime. (2010，陕西) Q: What does the underlined word “correspondence” probably mean? A. messages B. ideas C. connections D. programs

3. I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics. (2010，新课标全国卷) Q: Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish”? A. choose B. enjoy C. prepare for D. carry on

由and连接的两个部分含义上是相近的。 2. When I first got an email account ten years ago, I received communications only from family, friends and colleagues. Now it seems that every time I check my e-mail, I have an endless seriers of advertisement and other correspondence that do not interest me at all. If we want e-mail to continue to be useful, we need special laws that make spamming(发送垃圾邮件) a crime. (2010，陕西) 3. I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics. (2010，新课标全国卷)

4. Contrast 对比法 ugly(丑陋的) 我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有： though, unlike, but, however, despite, in spite of, while 等。 1. Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome man, John is quite homely．

2. There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care. To water his flowers, he used two buckets. One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one. Which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best.(2011，重庆) Q:What does the underlined word“dilapidated”probably mean? A. Dirty B. Dark C. Worn-out D. Plain-looking.

浑浊的 5. Cause and effect 因果法我们可以利用两个事物、现象之间构成的因果关系推知生词词义。常用的关联词有： because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result，so…that, therefore等。 • The river is so turbidthat it is impossible to see the • bottom even when it is shallow.

2. Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. Q:From the passge, we can infer that the word “autocratic” mean? A. friendly to others B. modest and kindly C. sticking to one’s own opinion D. hard-working

考查代词所指代的内容 考查旧词新义考查词组或句意 Let's know about the following tendency!

考查文章中的代词it, this, that,them等所指代的内容。需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的内容。 1.By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services.The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful for the purpose of making newspaper ads for mertchants. (2011，全国卷Ⅰ) Q: What does the word “This” refer to? A. Advertising in newspapers B. Including pictures in ads C. Selling goods in markets D. Working with ad agencies

根据句子所在的上下文语境 2. Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behaviour. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occur in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sort of “roll call”where wolves all howl togeter to report their presence. (2011，湖北) Q: “Howling… is a contagious behaviour”means_______. A. howling is a signal for hunting B. howling is a way of communication C. howling aften occurs in the morning D. howling spreads from one to another

考查旧词新义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断 3.Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations informtheir purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy. (2010，福建) Q: The underlined word“inform”probably means“”. A．affect B．change C．disturb D．reject

2. Definition or explanation 定义或解释 1. Word formation 构词法 3. Similarity 相似法 4. Contrast 对比法 5. Cause and effect 因果法 Let’s review the five methods of guessing words!

“得阅读者，得高考” 让我们一起努力，征服阅读，战胜高考！ May you succeed in your studies!

Homework 1.Go over what we have learnt in this period. 2. Finish additional exercises.

高考 阅读理解