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Origins of American Government. Magruder’s American Government Chapter 2. Political Beginnings. Early English settlers brought English laws and customs with them They believed government helped make life more orderly. Limited Government. An idea from England
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Origins of American Government Magruder’s American Government Chapter 2
Political Beginnings • Early English settlers brought English laws and customs with them • They believed government helped make life more orderly
Limited Government • An idea from England • Began with the Magna Carta in 1215 • Put limits on the King’s power • Established the written law
Representative Government • Since all people participating is impractical, the people elect a small group to represent their interests • Government serves at the will of the people • The people control the government
Landmark Documents • Magna Carta 1215 • Included right to trial by jury, due process of law • Petition of Right • King could not imprison political critics • No martial law during peacetime • Homeowners couldn’t be forced to house soldiers • The King was required to obey the law, too
Documents, continued • English Bill of Rights • No standing army in peacetime without permission from Parliament • Free Parliamentary elections • Right to a fair and speedy trial • No excessive bail • No cruel and unusual punishment
Colonial Governments • Each slightly different • Legislatures • Unicameral (one house) • Bicameral (two houses) • Some run by King (Royal Colonies) • Others more self-governed
Road to Independence • In theory, all important matters were decided in London • In practice, the colonists were used to governing a lot of things themselves • London generally took care of colonial defense and foreign affairs
Steps Taken • Shortly after George III came to power, he attempted to tighten royal control over the colonies • Colonies made attempts at unity • Albany Plan (failed) • Stamp Act Congress • No taxation without representation • Declaration of Rights and Grievances • Boycotts
Continental Congress • 1st one sent Declaration of Rights to King George III • 2nd Continental Congress • Became the 1st national government of the nation • Served from July, 1776 until Articles of Confederation went into effect March 1, 1781
The First State Governments • Wrote their own Constitutions • Body of laws • Set out the ideals, parts and functions of government
Common Ideas • Popular Sovereignty—(people rule) the power really belongs to the people, but they give permission to the government to do certain things • Limited Government—restrictions on what government is allowed to do • Civil Rights & Liberties—government must respect the right of the people
Separation of PowersandChecks and Balances • Three branches • Legislative, Executive, Judicial • Each has specific jobs • Each has ways to keep an eye on the other two
The Critical Period • Why is it critical? • Will the new nation survive, or not? • Will the government succeed or will they fall into anarchy? • Will the British army reassert power?
Articles of Confederation • Firm league of friendship • Congress was the only governmental body • No Executive or Judicial branches • Each state had one vote
Powers of Congress • Make war and peace • Send and receive ambassadors • Make treaties • Borrow money • Set up a monetary system (print money) • Build a navy; ask states for troops for army • Set standards of weights & measures • Settle disputes among states
State Obligations • Obey the Articles and Acts of Congress • Provide the troops and funds requested by Congress • Treat citizens of other states fairly and equally with their own citizens • Honor the laws, etc. of other states • Surrender fugitives from justice to each other • Allow open travel and trade among the states
Reserved Powers • Any power not specifically given to Congress was kept by the states themselves
Weaknesses of the Articles • Congress did not have the power to tax • Congress couldn’t regulate trade among the states • Congress had no power of enforcement to make the states obey • 9 votes required to exercise power of Congress and pass laws • Changes to the Articles must be unanimous
Problems led to new government • The helplessness of Congress and rising violence combined to cause people to discuss a new form of government • Wanted to correct the weaknesses of the Articles • Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
The Delegates • Only Rhode Island was not represented • Variety of political experience • Leadership skills • Decided almost immediately to create a new form of government
Under the New System • Three branches of government • Legislative, Executive, Judicial • Two houses in the Legislature • Great Compromise between small and large states • One with equal representation • One based on population • 3/5 Compromise regarding counting slaves for population totals
Sources of the Constitution • Ideas from many previous governments • Greece & Rome • Great Britain and other European countries • Political writers • Blackstone • Montesquieu • Rousseau • John Locke
The two Sides in Ratification • Federalists • Leaders: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton • Stressed the weaknesses of the Articles • Supported a stronger central government • Anti-Federalists • Leaders: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams • Feared tyranny of a too-strong central government • Concerned about lack of a Bill of Rights
Who voted Yes? • Delaware was the first state to approve • Although 9 states had ratified by June 21, 1788, Virginia and New York had not • Support of these large states was essential • By September 13, 1788 11 of 13 states had approved
Beginnings • New York chosen as temporary capital • 1st Wednesday in January set as date to choose Presidential electors • 1st Wednesday in February set as date for electors to vote • 1st Wednesday in March set as inauguration date
New Congress • First convened on March 4, 1789 • Met in Federal Hall, on Wall Street in NYC • Lacked a quorum, couldn’t count votes • On April 6, votes were counted • George Washington was elected President by an unanimous vote • John Adams V.P. by a substantial majority • Took oath of office on April 30, 1789