Unit 6 Poetry

1. Unit 6 Poetry

2. A Brief Introduction to English Poetry • A. What is poetry? Poetry is the artistic expression of the human thoughts and feelings in rhythmical(韵律的), and emotional language. Compared with prose （散文）, it lays more stress on rhythm（节奏）, imagery（意象）, emotion, and imagination. “No rhythm, no poetry” “Prose is words in their best order, and poetry is the best words in their best order”.

3. Sample Poetry The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair , And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same, • And both that morning equally lay • In leaves no step had trodden black. • Oh , I kept the first for another day! • Yet knowing how way leads on to way , • I doubted if I should ever come back. • I shall be telling this with a sigh • Somewhere ages and ages hence: • Two roads diverged in a wood, • and I took the one less traveled by , And that has made all the difference.

4. 黄色的树林里分出两条路 可惜我不能同时去涉足 我在那路口久久伫立 向着一条路极目望去 但我却选择了另外一条路 它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂 显得更诱人，更美丽 虽然在这两条小路上 都很少留下旅人的足迹　　 虽然那天清晨落叶满地 两条路都未经脚印污染 呵，留下一条路等改日再见 但我知道路径延绵无尽头 恐怕我难以再回返 也许多少年后在某一个地方 我将轻声叹息把往事回顾 一片森林里分出两条路 而我却选择了人迹更少的一条 从此决定了我一生的道路. 未选择的路

5. Poetry delights the ear, the mind, the soul. It satisfies our craving for beauty and music through the power of its language. But poetry conveys more than mere pleasure. It also communicates meaning. Good poetry offers food for the soul. Why do we feel English poetry difficult? Part of the difficulty may come from the differences: differences in form and tradition, differences in cultural literacy and also differences in use of language and so on.

6. 一、节奏 • 英文诗的节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的。一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。 凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。重读音节和轻读音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗： Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy (忧郁的) strain (歌). Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain, And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain. 这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。

7. 二 常见的音步类型 音步是轻读与重读构成的。根据重读与轻读搭配的方式的不同，可以划分出不同的音步类型。最常见的音步类型有以下四种： （一） 抑扬格 一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb, iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。英语中大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。前面的那两句诗就是抑扬格诗。 （二）扬抑格 一个音步中有两个音节，前者为重，后者为轻，则这种音步叫扬抑格音步，其专业术语是（trochee, trochaic.）。重读是“扬”，轻读是“抑”，一重一轻，故称扬抑格。与抑扬格恰好相反。 英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻的单词，如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。写扬抑格的诗，此类词正好合适。但这类词在英语中其数量不及前面的那些多，所以扬抑格诗不多。举两句诗例： Present │mirth （欢笑）has │present │laughter （Shakespeare） Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew（露水） （Shelley）

8. （三） 抑抑扬格 抑抑扬格含三个音节，即轻——轻——重，专门术语是：Anapaest, anapaestic 例词： cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove, indistinct, on the hill. 例句： 拜伦的以下四行诗是抑抑扬格： The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold, And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold; And the sheen│ of their spears │was like stars │on the sea, When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee. ——Destruction of Sennacherib 这是拜伦写的描述古代亚述人围攻耶路撒冷，被瘟疫所袭的诗的一节。第四行第二音步中的waves 一词可轻可重。诗题中的Sennacherib 是亚述国王。fold 指羊群， purple and gold 描写亚述军队的服饰，Galilee，巴勒斯坦北部的加利利湖。cohorts军团， sheen，光芒。 （四） 扬抑抑格 重——轻——轻是扬抑抑格，专门术语是：dactyl, dactylic. 例词： happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily, properly, accident, quantity. 例句： Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair. Davies: the villain. 英文诗歌中的音步类型有十几种之多，常见者即此四种，第一种则最常见。此外诗句中也常有抑抑格（pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出现。

9. （一） 一诗行不一定是一个完整的句字。 英文诗每行的第一个字母都大写，但是一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子，不一定能表达一个完整的意思。有时候，一行诗正好是一句，有时两行甚至许多行才构成一个意思完整的句子。前者叫end-stopped line（结句行），后者叫run-on line.（跨行句）。这是英文诗与中国诗的最大区别之一。中国诗歌都是一行表达一个完整的意思。看下面一节诗： I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight. • 前两行是end-stopped line，后两行是run-on line。读跨行句诗，行末停顿较短。 跨行句在英文诗歌中极其普遍，有时十来行才成一完整句子。刚接触英文诗的人，对此往往不习惯。对此我们需加注意。

10. （二） 诗行的长短以音步数目计算： 英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。 （各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：monometer 二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter 五音步诗：pentameter 六音步诗：hexameter 七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗：octameter.） 在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考律此诗的基本音步类型，也要考律此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗： An EMPTY HOUSE Alexander Pope You beat│your pate（头顶）, │and fan│cy wit │will come: Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home. （你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打，也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。 fancy，动词：以为，想象。） 此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambic pentameter）。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律（meter）。

11. 四 压韵（rhyme） （一） 全韵与半韵（full rhyme and half rhyme）。 全韵是严格的押韵，其要求是： （1） 韵要押在重读音节上，其元音应相同； （2） 元音前的辅音应不同； （3） 如果元音之后有辅音，应相同。 （4） 重读音节之后如有轻读音节，也应相同。 下面几对词都符合全韵的标准： why---sigh; hate---late; fight---delight; powers---flowers; today---away; ending---bending. 如果仅是元音字母相同，读音不同，不符合全韵：如: blood----hood; there---here; gone---alone; daughter----laughter. 这种情形被称为“眼韵”（eye rhyme），虽然诗人有时用之，但不是真正的押韵。 仅是辅音相同或仅是元音相同的属半韵： 元音不同，其前后的辅音相同，这叫谐辅韵（consonance）如：black, block; creak, croak; reader, rider; despise, dispose. 元音相同，其后的辅音相同者叫谐元韵（assonance），如lake, fate; time, mind.

12. （二） 尾韵与行内韵(end rhyme and internal rhyme) 押在诗行最后一个重读音节上，叫尾韵。这是英文诗歌最常见的押韵部位。诗行中间停顿处的重读音节与该行最后一个重读音节押韵者，叫行内韵。如： Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, （三） 男韵与女韵((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme) 所押的韵音局限于诗行中重读的末尾音节上，称男韵，也叫单韵，听起来强劲有力。如：late, fate; hill, fill; enjoy, destroy. 押韵押在两个音节上，后一音节非重读音节，称女韵，也叫双韵，听起来或轻快，或幽婉。如：lighting, fighting; motion, ocean; wining, beginning. 看下面一节诗： I am coming, little maiden, With the pleasant sunshine laden; With the honey for the bee, With the blossom for the tree. 前两行押____韵，后两行押____韵。 女 男

13. 也有不少英文诗是不押韵的，不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗（blank verse）。多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse写成的。 押韵的诗叫rhymed verse。无韵诗不同与自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵，但是有固定节奏，以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定，如同白话。

14. Section 1Introduction and Types of Poetry (1) • To explain the three different angles from which we can view poems: Types, Form and Poetic Devices • To examine the lyrical poems, one extract from a narrative poem, and an elegy • To provide some language-related activities

15. Types of Poetry • Lyrical poetry • Elegies • Narrative poetry • Confessional poetry • Poetry of Observation • Protest poetry • Satirical poetry • Humorous or Comic poetry

16. Lyrical poetry Lyrical poetry: to express strong emotional feelings Examples Danton Remoto: Rain (p122) W. Wordsworth: Upon Westminster Bridge,

17. 晨雨“解读” • Pictures: The poet is very good at creating vivid pictures. He used figurative language to focus on meaning and feeling, and offer new insights into experience. • Analysis of the poem ‘Rain’ The beloved one is absent. The poet is passionately in love. His lover is away, far far away, yet she is in his heart, in his mind. She seems to be physically lying beside him.

18. Appreciation of the poem “Rain” (p122) Soon night will steal hours from day, And snow will be whirling in drifts. But you are here, in the country of my mind, wiping away the maps of mist on the windowpane, lying in bed beside me, as the pulse of the pillows and sheets, Even the very throb of rain, Begins to quicken. This morning, it is raining in my country Water slides down the leaves, like tongue on skin. The sound of its falling collects like breath on the lobes of ears. You are a continent away. There, the leaves are beginning to turn.

19. 2. He is in their home country, where it is the rainy season. She is in a country far away where the winter is just beginning-nights are getting longer and soon there will be snow. 1. A lover is talking to his lover far away. 3. He imagines that his lover is with him, ‘lying in bed beside me’. • Questions: • 1. Who is talking to whom? • 2. Where are they? What is the difference between the two places, especially the season, the weather? • 3. What is the poet imagining? • 4. Does the poem rhyme? Are there any rhymes at all? • 5. Identify the similes, metaphors and personification the poet uses. • 6. Note all the instances of assonance and alliteration you can find. • 7. How does the writer feel about the person he is addressing? 5. simile: like tongue on skin / like breath on the lobes of ears metaphor: in the country of mind Personification: night will steal hours / leaves begin to turn / pulse of pillows and sheets / throbe of rain begins to quicken. 4. It has no regular rhyming scheme. There are however a couple of instances of rhyme: away / day; windowpane /rain. 6. Assonance: leaves / steal [i:]; mind / wiping [ai]; lying / beside [ai]; sheets / even [i:]; begins /quicken [i] Alliteration: slides / leaves /like / lobe [l]; wiping / away [w]; mind / maps of mist [m]; bed / beside [b]; pulse / pillows [p] 7. He is obviously deeply and passionately in love with her.

20. Narrative Poems (叙事诗) In the poem, the Ancient Mariner, a frightening old man, has taken a wedding guest aside and is telling his terrifying story. Here he describes how the Albatross saved his ship from the terrible ice and snow. But for some reason, the Mariner shot eh bird dead. This leads on to the ship becoming cursed—Which we learn about in the rest of the story. • Narrative Poety: to tell a story • Samuel Taylor Coleridge.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (p122-123) • Questions: 1. What happened in the poem? 2. Does the poem rhyme? Write out the rhyme scheme please. There is a very regular rhyme scheme: a b c b.

21. 背 景 浪漫主义诗人塞缪尔 T 柯勒律治曾沉迷于鸦片。1797年，他住在一个叫多西特的小村庄里，常常在山间散步，或者和他的邻居威廉华兹华斯长时间地进行辩论。在此期间，他写下了著名的《成吉思汗》和《古舟子咏》。前者描写了他在鸦片带来的幻觉中下意识产生的想象——那魔法召唤而来的“庄严愉悦的圆形屋顶”是何等的美妙，诗中充满了奇特的想象。后一首是他在比较清醒的时候写的，描写了一艘船在南海的艰难旅程。他在诗中写道，一个水手射杀了一只信天翁，触犯了大海的戒律，船上所有的人都遭到了惩罚，暴晒在酷热的阳光下，四周是茫茫的“水，水无处不在，没有一滴能喝”。射杀信天翁的水手幸免于难，活了下来，但其他船员全部死去。作为惩罚，他在余生里四处流浪，历经磨难。

22. 柯勒律治在《古舟子咏》里把信天翁作为好运的象征。为什么信天翁会给人带来好运呢？想象一下，在航海途中，水手们数周生活在不见陆地的茫茫大海，梦想着早日抵达港口。而靠近陆地的最早迹象是鸟的出现，就像诺亚的鸽子和橄榄枝，鸟往往预示着陆地就在离他们不远的地方。由于信天翁是地球上最大型的一种鸟（它们双翅展开可长达3．5米），因此它们是一个非常明显的预兆。柯勒律治在《古舟子咏》里把信天翁作为好运的象征。为什么信天翁会给人带来好运呢？想象一下，在航海途中，水手们数周生活在不见陆地的茫茫大海，梦想着早日抵达港口。而靠近陆地的最早迹象是鸟的出现，就像诺亚的鸽子和橄榄枝，鸟往往预示着陆地就在离他们不远的地方。由于信天翁是地球上最大型的一种鸟（它们双翅展开可长达3．5米），因此它们是一个非常明显的预兆。

23. Listen, Stranger! Storm and Wind A Wind and Tempest strong! For days and weeks it play’d us freaks – Like Chaff we drove along. Listen, Stranger! Mist and Snow, And it grew wond’rous cold: And Ice mast-high came floating by As green as Emerald. （听着，客人！）海上的暴风呼呼刮起， 来势又猛又凶狂； 它抖擞翅膀，横冲直撞，把我们赶向南方。 （听着，客人！）起了大雾，又下了大雪， 天色变，冷不可支； 漂来的浮冰高如桅顶， 绿莹莹恰似宝石。 The Rime of Ancient Mariner

24. And thro’ the drifts the snowy clifts Did send a dismal sheen; Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken – The Ice was all between. The Ice was here, the Ice was there, The Ice was all around: It crack’d and growl’d, it roar’d and howl’d – Like noises of a swound. 雪雾弥漫，积雪的冰山 明亮却阴冷凄清； 人也无踪，兽也绝种， 四下里只见寒冰。 这边是冰，那边也是冰， 把我们围在中央； 冰又崩又爆，又哼又嚎， 闹得人晕头转向。 The Rime of Ancient Mariner

25. At length did cross an Albatross, Through the fog it came; And an it were a Christian Soul, We hailed it in God’s name. The Mariners gave it biscuit-worms, And round and round it flew: The Ice did split with a Thunder-fit, The Helmsman steer’d us thro’. 冰海上空，一只信天翁 穿云破雾飞过来； 他们像见了基督的使徒， 喜滋滋向它喝彩。 我们喂的食它从未吃过， 它绕船飞去又飞回。 一声霹雳，冰山解体， 我们冲出了重围。 The Rime of Ancient Mariner

26. And a good south wind sprang up behind, The Albatross did follow; And every day for food or play Came to the Mariners’ hollo! In mist or cloud on mast or shroud, It perched for vespers nine, Whiles all the night thro’ fog-smoke-white, Glimmer’d the white moon-shine. ‘God save thee, ancient Mariner! From the fiends that plague thee thus – Why look’st thou so?’ – with my crossbow I shot the Albatross. 可意的南风在后面吹送； 信天翁跟着这条船， 听水手一叫，它就来到— 来啄食也来游玩。 接连9晚，云遮雾掩， 它停在帆樯上歇宿； 接连九夜，苍白的淡月， 映着苍白的烟雾。 “愿上帝搭救你吧，老水手！ 你怎么惊魂不定？” ----我弯弓搭箭，一箭离弦， 信天翁送了性命。 The Rime of Ancient Mariner

27. Elegies • Elegies: to commemorate someone who has died • W.H. Auden. Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone (p123)

28. An introduction to W.H.Auden • W.H. Auden, (1907-1973), English-born poet. Auden is widely considered among the greatest literary figures of the 20th century. In his work Auden reconciled(使协调) tradition and modernism. In 1937 he received King George’s Gold Medal for Poetry. Auden immigrated to the United States in 1939 and became an American citizen in 1946. After Yeats and Eliot, Auden is the most influential English-language poet of the twentieth century.

29. Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone • Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone, • Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone. • Silence the pianos and with muffled drum • Bring out the coffin, let the mourners (哀悼者) come • Let aeroplanes circle moaning（悲叹） overhead • Scribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead • Put the crepe bows（绉丝领结） round the white necks of the public doves, • Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves. • He was my North, my South, my East and West, • My working week and my Sunday rest, • My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; • I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong. • The stars are not wanted now: put out every one; • Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun; • Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood. • For nothing now can ever come to any good 2 3

30. A quatrain is simply a four-line stanza, usually though not always, with a rhyming schem. • Questions: • 1. Although the four stanzas are all the same length and form (they are quatrains). One of them stands out as different from the rest. Which one is it? How is it different? Stanza 3 is clearly different. All the other stanzas are giving orders---do this, do that… but in this third stanza, we have a celebration of the importance of the loved one to the poet.

31. 2. Which of the five senses is Auden focusing on in Stanza 1? How about in Stanza 2? In stanza one, the focus is on sound / hearing: the clocks’ ticking, the telephones’ ringing, the dog’s barking, etc. In stanza two, the focus shifts to sights / vision: the sight of aeroplances circling, writing on the sky, crepe bows, white necks of doves, black gloves on traffic policemen, etc.

32. Put out, pack up, dismantle, pour away, sweep up • 3. In the last stanza, Auden is calling for things to be got rid of. Which verbs does he use for this? • 4. Who is Auden addressing in this poem? It seems he is addressing the world at large(全体). He wants everyone to know how devastated悲痛欲绝的he is by his loss.

33. Confessional Poetry(忏悔诗) • Confessional Poetry: to explore the poet’s inner world and feelings 二十世纪五六十年代盛行于英美诗坛。据说该派诗人把诗歌当作自我暴露、自我发泄的手段，在诗歌中尽情倾吐自己内心深处的隐私、欲望、痛苦、创伤和冲动。 主要诗人有Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton, Alan Ginsberg, Sylvia Plath 等。 Whitman, Leaves of grass (Song of Myself) (p124)

34. Questions to think about ~What is the poet's view of animal life? ~What has the poet revealed to us about human beings' material pursuits? ~Why is the poet painting a picture of beauty of the stallion?

35. I think I could turn and live with animals I think I could turn and live with animals, they are so placid and self-contain'd, I stand and look at them long and long. They do not sweat and whine about their condition, They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins, They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God, Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with the mania of owning things, Not one kneels to another, nor to his kind that lived thousands of years ago, Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth. So they show their relations to me and I accept them, They bring me tokens of myself, they evince them plainly in their possession.

36. A gigantic beauty of a stallion, fresh and responsive to my caresses Head high in the forehead, wide between the ears, Limbs glossy and supple, tail dusting the ground, Eyes full of sparkling wickedness, ears finely cut, flexibly moving. His nostrils dilate as my heels embrace him, His well-built limbs tremble with pleasure as we race around and return.

37. Whitman's message The poet is making a statement about his belief that animal are our superiors. They have a superior ability to get on with their life without all the moralizing and dissatisfaction we manifest. We should love ourselves for what we are and be ourselves.

38. RepetitionThey do not sweat and whine about their condition,They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins,They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God…Parallelism Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with … Not one kneels to another, nor to his kind that lived thousands of years ago,Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.

39. Poetry of Observation • Poetry of Observation: to describe in perceptive ways an object or person • Frances Horovitz, Finding a Sheep’s Skull from Collected Poems (p126)

40. Protest Poetry • Protest Poetry: to criticize or protest against something or someone • Yusef Iman, Love Your Enemy (p127)

41. 1. What’s the writer’s objective in writing this poem? 1) to express anger 2) to expose the hypocrisy(伪善) of the injustice to his people 3) raise his own people’s awareness of the injustice done to them 2. What’s the key feature he uses to drum into us the irony of the situation of black people. it is the repetition of the biblical injunction to ‘Love your enemy’. It’s highly ironical in this context. But I tell you: Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you (from the bible)

42. Satirical Poetry • Satirical poetry: to mock () people or manners • Wendy Cope, How to Deal with the Press (p127)

43. Humorous or Comic poetry • Humorous or comic Poetry: to amuse people and make them laugh • Poems on p128

44. Forms of Poetry • What is form? 结构, 表现形式 The predictable features of certain kinds of poetry.

45. The form of the English poetry: Lines stanzas （节） The rhyme（押韵） scheme of the language: the final vowel(元音） sound of the lines to show the beauty of the best of the English lyrics Rhythm : regular succession of weak and strong stresses 节奏, 韵律

46. Rhyme and rhythm of the poem--take this elegy as example: Do not stand at my grave and weep. a I’m not there. I do not sleep. a I’m a thousand winds that blow. b I’m the diamond glim of snow. b I’m the sunlight on ripe grain. c I’m the gentle autumn’s rain. c Do not stand at my grave and cry. d I’m not there. I didn't die. d

47. Poetic licence • In literary language, especially in the language of poetry, poets are ‘privileged’ to break some of the commonly observed rules in their use of language. This is what is known as poetic licence（诗歌的破格）. • Poets break or deviate from certain rules to achieve a special effect in their language, i.e. to bring out a special message, or to refine the shape or the music of their poems. • The English word bereav’d is a good example of such deviation- the spelling of the word is change. By leaving out the /i/ sound in the middle, the word is changed from a three-syllable word into a two-syllable word.

48. The rhyme scheme • abba abba cdc dcd • With the exception of the second and third lines. These two lines end with the different vowels (/ai/ & /i/) which look the same (“y”). This is known as a sight rhyme.

49. Forms of Poetry e.g. the limerich has to have 5 lines: lines 1,2 and 5 rhyme with each other, as do lines 3 and 4. the subject matter has to be humorous • What is form? The predictable features of certain kinds of poetry. • This has to do with * the number of lines in the poem *The stanza * The rhyming scheme * The way the lines are repeated * The subject matter

50. Examples: (1) I shot an arrow into the air， It fell to earth， I knew not where； For， so swiftly it flew， the sight Could not follow it in its flight. ---Henry Wadsworth Longfellow： The Arrow and the Song a a b b • (1) 联韵：aabb型