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Crown Prince Fredrik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden

THE GRAND ROYAL OPENING OF THE ÖRESUND BRIDGE July 1 st 2000. Finland. Sweden. Baltic States. Denmark. Russia. BORNHOLM. Germany. Poland. The Region of Scania, Sweden – City of Malmö The Region of Zealand, Denmark – City of Copenhagen The Island Region of Bornholm.

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Crown Prince Fredrik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden

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  1. THE GRAND ROYAL OPENING OF THE ÖRESUND BRIDGE July 1st 2000 Finland Sweden Baltic States Denmark Russia BORNHOLM Germany Poland The Region of Scania, Sweden – City of Malmö The Region of Zealand, Denmark – City of Copenhagen The Island Region of Bornholm Crown Prince Fredrik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden

  2. ISISA CONFERENCE, Kinmen Island, Taiwan Islands of the World VIII ”Changing Islands – Changing Worlds BRIDGE OVER TROUBLED WATERS? The Impacts of Transnational Regionalization in the Öresund Region for the Island of Bornholm or Peter Billing, Ph.D.DirectorCentre for Regional and Tourism ResearchBornholm Denmark&Rachel J.C. Chen, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Consumer Services ManagementUniversity of Tennessee, USA How to Achieve Bridge Effects Without A Bridge Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  3. OUTLINE • 1. THE ISLAND OF BORNHOLM • A Short Background • 2. THE ÖRESUND REGION IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT • Regions, Regionalization and Transnational Integration • 3. BORNHOLM IN THE ÖRESUND REGION • Institutionalisation and Infrastructure • 4. BRIDGE EFFECTS WITHOUT A BRIDGE – Case Island Tourism • 5. CHANGES AND CHALLENGES IN THE SHADOW OF THE BRIDGE Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  4. The Bornhholm Deal (1992) The Öresund Bridge (2000) Regional Council (2003) The Enlargement of Europe (2004) BORNHOLM • BORNHOLM – A SHORT BACKGROUND • Population 43.000 • Size 150 km2 • Sense of Independence and Identity • Decades of Decline (from 1980’s) • Fishing and Agriculture • The Demographic Gap Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  5. 2. THE ÖRESUND REGION IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT EU & The Regions 1985 - The Single European Act Late 1980’s - The European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Agricultural Fund To counter-attack unwanted effects, such as the development and structural adjustment of the regions whose development lagged behind and the conversion of the regions most seriously affected by industrial decline. 1988 - Regional Charta by the European Parliament Concentration of assistance in the areas of greatest needs. Careful coordination and planning of EU’s attack on regional problems. Partnership between the commission, member state governments, regional and local authorities/organizations Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  6. 1992 - Maastricht Treaty The principle of subsidiarity: “A new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as closely as possible to each citizen” (Article A) 1994 - Committee of Regions Committee with advisory status consisting of regional and local authorities making them part of the decision-making process. 1996 – Introduction of the INTERREG-Programme II 2000 – Introduction of the INTERREG-Programme III 2004 –Territorial Cohesion introduced in the new Treaty of EU 2006 – Implementation of new policy for Structural Funding Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  7. Regionalization as a General Political Aim A means to enhance socio-economic restructuring and technological development A tool for achieving territorial cohesion A reciprocal process: … the Regionalisation of Europe … the Europeanisation of the Regions A coercive logic – ’play by the rules of the regionalisation game’ Transregionalization as a the Ultimate Political Aim Cross-border co-operation Cluster development Trans-national regional integration - INTERREG Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  8. 3. BORNHOLM IN THE ÖRESUND REGION Establishment of the Öresund Committee 1993 Interreg II/III A Programmes Öresund University Medicon Valley Food Network IT Öresund Bornholm becomes member of the Öresund Committee 1999 Opening of the Öresund Bridge 2000 Opening of train route Copenhagen - Ystad Introduction of fast ferry Ystad/Sweden – Rönne/Bornholm Opening of improved highway E65 Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  9. 4. BRIDGE EFFECTS WITHOUT A BRIDGE Case: Island Tourism on Bornholm • The CRT Visitor Survey since 1996 – 3000/year • Tourism has been an integral part of the Bornholm economy for more than a century • Markets linked to the island by proximity; visitors come primarily from Denmark, Germany and Sweden • Traditionally a family holiday destination • High repeat visitation (79%) Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  10. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Ystad Copenhagen Germany Poland Air (CPH) ACCESSIBILITY - Routes and means of transport by arrivals Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  11. 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Visitors Residents Number of Visitors and Residents by Arrivals § Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  12. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Danmark Foreign ORIGIN – Domestic and Foreign Visitors by Overnight Stays Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  13. ORIGIN – Nationality of Visitors by Overnight Stays Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  14. Average Length of Stay Seasonality Peter Billing, Centre for Regional & Tourism Research & Rachel J.C. Chen, University of Tennessee

  15. THE PARADOX Overnight Stays All Accomodations Hotel Overnight Stays in July Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  16. 5. Changes and Challenges in the Shadow of the Bridge • Commuting • Attractive place for living, study, doing business and visiting • Increasing number of visitors - VFR • New markets – customer segments and origin • Transport capacity limitations • Restrictive Policy and Planning • Expensive destination • Service quality Basil Fawlty Style • Small & Micro Businesses • Life style choice rather than an business opportunity • Establishing of Creative Entrepreneurs in Arts & Crafts • Destination Bornholm Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  17. CENTRE FOR REGIONAL & TOURISM RESEARCH WWW.CRT.DK Rachel J.C. Chen rchen@utk.dedu Peter Billing billing@crt.dk Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

  18. Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

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