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Cognition

Cognition. Thinking. Metacognition. Thinking about how you think. Methods of Problem Solving. Trial and Error: guess and check Algorithm : methodical, logical pattern or procedure that guarantees solving of a particular problem.

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Cognition

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  1. Cognition Thinking

  2. Metacognition • Thinking about how you think

  3. Methods of Problem Solving • Trial and Error: guess and check • Algorithm: methodical, logical pattern or procedure that guarantees solving of a particular problem. • Looks at all possible combinations or has a SPECIFIC FORMULA to solve the problem.

  4. Methods of Problem Solving 3. Heuristics: mental shortcut, rule of thumb strategies which allow us to solve problems efficiently and usually quickly. • Short-cuts that involve our preconceptions and intuition.

  5. Algorithms vs. Heuristics • Unscramble C I N E R A M A -Algorithms go through all 32,000+ combinations -Heuristics would separate vowels, etc.

  6. 4. Reasoning (2 Types): Methods of Problem Solving • Deductive: From general to specific • Inductive: Specific to general

  7. Methods of Problem Solving • 5. Insight: sudden realization of how to solve a problem without a real strategy involved. • The “light-bulb going off/on” when you get an idea! AKA: The “AhhhhHaaaa!” Moment

  8. Obstacles to Problem Solving • Framing: Looking at the way an issue started; affects decisions and judgments

  9. 2 4 6 Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation Bias: human tendency to search for information that confirms your preconceptions • Study: What is the pattern? Is the next number 8 or 10? WHY?

  10. More Obstacles • Cognitive Illusion: Systematic way of thinking that is responsible for an error in judgment • Belief perseverance: Tendency to hold onto a belief after the basis for the belief is discredited • The world is still flat • Belief bias: The tendency for our preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, making illogical conclusions seem valid or logical conclusions seem invalid

  11. Obstacles to Problem Solving • Fixation: refers to the inability to see a problem from a new perspective. How would you arrange six matches to form 4 equal lateral triangles?

  12. Solution to Matchstick Problem

  13. Obstacles to Problem Solving Functional Fixedness:tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions. CAN EQUAL

  14. Candle Mounting Problem Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

  15. Candle Mounting Solution Inability to solve this problem may result from functional fixedness. Have to recognize that a box need not always serve as a container

  16. Obstacles to Problem Solving • Mental Set: tendency to approach a particular problem in a particular way. • You usually use strategies that have been successful in the past at solving problems even though it may not be most efficient strategy for the new problem.

  17. Possible Obstacles to Problem Solving Representative Heuristic: is a MENTAL SHORTCUT for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match our prototypes. Tomato…vegetable? Fruit? • May lead us to make incorrect assumptions.

  18. Example of Representative Heuristic Errors • Below is Fred. He is muscle-bound, uses steroids, and enjoys getting into fights. Is he more likely to be a high school teacher or a wrestler from the WWE. No, this is not Mr. Cook, nor was the scenario “inspired” by him 

  19. Possible Obstacles to Problem Solving • Availability Heuristic: is a MENTAL SHORTCUT where we judge the likelihood of an event based on how readily the event comes to mind. • What types of things can effect the availability of things in our memory? • Past experience, media, “myths”

  20. Availability Heuristic Can Lead Us to Irrationally Fear Things Which Are Unlikely. EX: People tend to be more fearful of the dangers of airplane travel than of traveling in an automobile. EX: People tend to be more fearful of being robbed by a stranger even though it may be more likely they will be robbed by someone they know.

  21. Overcoming Obstacles using Creativity • Creativity: the ability to think about a problem/idea in new and unusual ways to come up with unconventional solutions • Incubation: Putting aside a problem temporarily to gain a new perspective • Brainstorming: Generating lots of possibilities without making prior evaluation judgments • Divergent thinking: Produces many ideas or alternatives • Convergent thinking: Directed toward a single correct solution

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