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分子の立体構造と生命講義  1 回目 3-Dimensional Molecular Structure for the Life Science

分子の立体構造と生命講義  1 回目 3-Dimensional Molecular Structure for the Life Science. 北里大学薬学部 3 年前期選択  2008 年 4 月 -7 月  12 回 担当者 梅山秀明、竹田 - 志鷹真由子、寺師玄記、加納和彦 毎週月曜日 4 時限 港区白金キャンパス 1501 教室 Hideaki Umeyama, Ph.D., Professor School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University

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分子の立体構造と生命講義  1 回目 3-Dimensional Molecular Structure for the Life Science

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  1. 分子の立体構造と生命講義 1回目3-Dimensional Molecular Structure for the Life Science • 北里大学薬学部3年前期選択 2008年4月-7月 12回 • 担当者 梅山秀明、竹田-志鷹真由子、寺師玄記、加納和彦 • 毎週月曜日4時限 港区白金キャンパス1501教室 • Hideaki Umeyama, Ph.D., Professor • School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University • 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan • phone : +81-3-5791-6330 fax : +81-3-3446-9553 • e-mail:umeyamah@pharm.kitasato-u.ac.jp • 港区白金5-9-1 • 北里大学薬学部教授 • (理化学研究所客員主管研究員、東北大学未来研客員教授) • 梅山秀明 • http://famshelp.gsc.riken.jp/famsbase/index.html • http://www.pd-fams.com/index_ja.html • http://www.pharm.kitasato-u.ac.jp/bmd/files/achievement.html • http://www.pharm.kitasato-u.ac.jp/bmd/ • http://h20pharm.kitasato-u.websyllabus.jp/content/versionview/235/29

  2. 睡眠障害治療薬 • ヒトの睡眠状態 • 覚醒時に働いている中枢神経の神経伝達の抑制された状態 • 神経性アミノ酸のγ-アミノ酸(GABA)が • GABA受容体に結合すると、 • 興奮が伝わらなくなり、 • 中枢神経系が抑制され、 • 睡眠状態となる。

  3. gamma-Aminobutyric AcidThe most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. • Descriptors Computed from Structure: • IUPAC Name: 4-aminobutanoic acidCanonical SMILES: C(CC(=O)O)CNInChI: InChI=1/C4H9NO2/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h1-3,5H2,(H,6,7)/f/h6H • Properties Computed from Structure: • Molecular Weight: 103.11976 g/molMolecular Formula: C4H9NO2XLogP: -0.7Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3Rotatable Bond Count: 3Exact Mass: 103.063329MonoIsotopic Mass: 103.063329Topological Polar Surface Area: 63.3Heavy Atom Count: 7

  4. 睡眠障害治療薬 • GABA受容体受容体抑制するのがほとんどの • 不眠症治療薬(睡眠障害治療薬) • 不眠症治療薬の第一選択薬として • GABA-BZ(ベンゾジアゼピン)系の薬剤 • 大脳辺縁部や視床下部などに分布するGABA受容体上の • BZ(ベンゾジアゼピン)結合部に結合し、 • GABA受容体の機能を強めて、 • 睡眠を誘導する作用メカニズム。 • 副作用として、薬物依存性のあること。

  5. GABA受容体(benzodiazepine受容体) • Benzodiazepine(ベンゾジアゼピン)系抗不安薬 • 抗不安薬としてbenzodiazepine系薬物が臨床で繁用されている。 • それらの薬理効果は、 • 情動と関係する大脳辺縁系に分布するbenzodiazepine受容体に作用して、 • GABAの作用を増大させることにより • 抗不安作用を発現すると考えられている。

  6. GABAA受容体 • GABAの作用はGABA受容体を介して発揮されるが、GABA受容体には2つのタイプ、GABAA受容体とGABAB受容体がある。 • GABAA受容体は5つのサブユニットから構成されており、Clイオンチャンネルを形作っています。 ここで扱うのはGABAA受容体である。 • GABAB receptorの構造をGABAA receptorとの比較のために学ぶ

  7. GABAB受容体 • 4: Q9UBS5 961 aa • Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 precursor (GABA-B receptor 1) (GABA-B-R1) (Gb1)gi|12643873|sp|Q9UBS5.1|GABR1_HUMAN[12643873] • [FUNCTION] Isoform 1E function may be to regulate the availability of functional GABA-B-R1A/GABA-B-R2 heterodimers by competing for GABA-B-R2 dimerization. This could explain the observation that certain small molecule ligands exhibit differential affinity for central versus peripheral sites. • 1: O75899 941 aa • Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 precursor (GABA-B receptor 2) (GABA-B-R2) (Gb2) (GABABR2) (G-protein coupled receptor 51) (HG20)gi|12643641|sp|O75899.1|GABR2_HUMAN[12643641]

  8. (GABA-B receptor 1) (GABA-B receptor 2) • >gi|12643873|sp|Q9UBS5.1|GABR1_HUMAN Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 precursor (GABA-B receptor 1) (GABA-B-R1) (Gb1) MLLLLLLAPLFLRPPGAGGAQTPNATSEGCQIIHPPWEGGIRYRGLTRDQVKAINFLPVDYEIEYVCRGE • REVVGPKVRKCLANGSWTDMDTPSRCVRICSKSYLTLENGKVFLTGGDLPALDGARVDFRCDPDFHLVGS SRSICSQGQWSTPKPHCQVNRTPHSERRAVYIGALFPMSGGWPGGQACQPAVEMALEDVNSRRDILPDYE LKLIHHDSKCDPGQATKYLYELLYNDPIKIILMPGCSSVSTLVAEAARMWNLIVLSYGSSSPALSNRQRF PTFFRTHPSATLHNPTRVKLFEKWGWKKIATIQQTTEVFTSTLDDLEERVKEAGIEITFRQSFFSDPAVP VKNLKRQDARIIVGLFYETEARKVFCEVYKERLFGKKYVWFLIGWYADNWFKIYDPSINCTVDEMTEAVE GHITTEIVMLNPANTRSISNMTSQEFVEKLTKRLKRHPEETGGFQEAPLAYDAIWALALALNKTSGGGGR SGVRLEDFNYNNQTITDQIYRAMNSSSFEGVSGHVVFDASGSRMAWTLIEQLQGGSYKKIGYYDSTKDDL SWSKTDKWIGGSPPADQTLVIKTFRFLSQKLFISVSVLSSLGIVLAVVCLSFNIYNSHVRYIQNSQPNLN NLTAVGCSLALAAVFPLGLDGYHIGRNQFPFVCQARLWLLGLGFSLGYGSMFTKIWWVHTVFTKKEEKKE WRKTLEPWKLYATVGLLVGMDVLTLAIWQIVDPLHRTIETFAKEEPKEDIDVSILPQLEHCSSRKMNTWL GIFYGYKGLLLLLGIFLAYETKSVSTEKINDHRAVGMAIYNVAVLCLITAPVTMILSSQQDAAFAFASLA IVFSSYITLVVLFVPKMRRLITRGEWQSEAQDTMKTGSSTNNNEEEKSRLLEKENRELEKIIAEKEERVS ELRHQLQSRQQLRSRRHPPTPPEPSGGLPRGPPEPPDRLSCDGSRVHLLYK • >gi|12643641|sp|O75899.1|GABR2_HUMAN Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 precursor (GABA-B receptor 2) (GABA-B-R2) (Gb2) (GABABR2) (G-protein coupled receptor 51) (HG20) • MASPRSSGQPGPPPPPPPPPARLLLLLLLPLLLPLAPGAWGWARGAPRPPPSSPPLSIMGLMPLTKEVAK GSIGRGVLPAVELAIEQIRNESLLRPYFLDLRLYDTECDNAKGLKAFYDAIKYGPNHLMVFGGVCPSVTS IIAESLQGWNLVQLSFAATTPVLADKKKYPYFFRTVPSDNAVNPAILKLLKHYQWKRVGTLTQDVQRFSE VRNDLTGVLYGEDIEISDTESFSNDPCTSVKKLKGNDVRIILGQFDQNMAAKVFCCAYEENMYGSKYQWI IPGWYEPSWWEQVHTEANSSRCLRKNLLAAMEGYIGVDFEPLSSKQIKTISGKTPQQYEREYNNKRSGVG PSKFHGYAYDGIWVIAKTLQRAMETLHASSRHQRIQDFNYTDHTLGRIILNAMNETNFFGVTGQVVFRNG ERMGTIKFTQFQDSREVKVGEYNAVADTLEIINDTIRFQGSEPPKDKTIILEQLRKISLPLYSILSALTI LGMIMASAFLFFNIKNRNQKLIKMSSPYMNNLIILGGMLSYASIFLFGLDGSFVSEKTFETLCTVRTWIL TVGYTTAFGAMFAKTWRVHAIFKNVKMKKKIIKDQKLLVIVGGMLLIDLCILICWQAVDPLRRTVEKYSM EPDPAGRDISIRPLLEHCENTHMTIWLGIVYAYKGLLMLFGCFLAWETRNVSIPALNDSKYIGMSVYNVG IMCIIGAAVSFLTRDQPNVQFCIVALVIIFCSTITLCLVFVPKLITLRTNPDAATQNRRFQFTQNQKKED SKTSTSVTSVNQASTSRLEGLQSENHRLRMKITELDKDLEEVTMQLQDTPEKTTYIKQNHYQELNDILNL GNFTESTDGGKAILKNHLDQNPQLQWNTTEPSRTCKDPIEDINSPEHIQRRLSLQLPILHHAYLPSIGGV DASCVSPCVSPTASPRHRHVPPSFRVMVSGL

  9. GABA-B receptor 1

  10. Sequence Alignment

  11. GABA-B receptor 2

  12. ベンゾジアゼピン系抗不安薬 benzodiazepine • From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • The core chemical structure of "classical" benzodiazepine drugs is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Many of these drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substructure (see figure to the above right).

  13. ベンゾジアゼピン系抗不安薬 benzodiazepine • 概念 GABA受容体の機能を亢進して、以下の薬理作用をもたらす。 • 抗不安効果が主作用である • 催眠効果 • 抗痙攣作用 • 脊髄反射抑制による筋弛緩 • 錯乱などの逆説効果 • 急性狭隅角(きょうぐうかく)緑内障および重症筋無力症に対しては禁忌となる。 • 急性型閉塞隅角緑内障は突然激しい眼痛・頭痛を生じる。それ以外の緑内障の場合には、一般には末期に至るまで自覚症状はない。

  14. ベンゾジアゼピン系抗不安薬 benzodiazepine • 薬理機序 ベンゾジアゼピンはGABAa受容体での早い抑制性神経伝達に対する正のアロステリック調整物質である。 • ベンゾジアゼピンは中枢神経においてGABAa受容体のクロールイオンチャネルを開き、 • さらにGABAの受容体への親和性を高めることによって神経細胞の(電位が減少し、活動電位が発生する)脱分極を抑制する。 • その結果、抑制性伝達物質であるGABAの作用が亢進する。 • ただし受容体が飽和するとceiling effect(頭打ち状態)を呈する。 • ベンゾジアゼピン誘導体がベンゾジアゼピン受容体に結合する • クロールイオンチャネルが開き、クロールイオンが細胞内に流入して、一瞬だけ静止時よりも電位が下がる過分極となる • すなわちカルシウムイオンチャネルが開きにくくなり、伝達物質の放出が抑制され、シナプス前抑制をもたらすことになる

  15. 化学シナプスにおける典型的な情報伝達機序 • 前シナプス細胞の軸索を活動電位が伝わり、末端にある膨らみであるシナプス小頭に到達する。 • 活動電位によりシナプス小頭の膜上に位置する電位依存性カルシウムイオンチャネルが開く。 • するとカルシウムイオンがシナプス内に流入し、シナプス小胞が細胞膜に接して神経伝達物質が細胞外に開口放出される • 神経伝達物質はシナプス間隙を拡散し、後シナプス細胞の細胞膜上に分布する神経伝達物質受容体に結合する。 • 後シナプス細胞のイオンチャネルが開き、細胞膜内外の電位差が変化する。

  16. Benzodiazepine • From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Common benzodiazepines • For various benzodiazepines and their respective generic and non-US brand-names, half-lives, and primary uses, see list of benzodiazepines. • The core chemical structure of "classical" benzodiazepine drugs is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems. Many of these drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substructure. • Most benzodiazepines are administered orally; • however, administration can also occur intravenously, intramuscularly, sublingually舌下or as a suppository坐薬. Well-known benzodiazepines and their primary trade names include:

  17. Benzodiazepine • Descriptors Computed from Structure: • IUPAC Name: 1H-1,2-benzodiazepineCanonical SMILES: C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C=CC=NN2InChI: InChI=1/C9H8N2/c1-2-6-9-8(4-1)5-3-7-10-11-9/h1-7,11H • Properties Computed from Structure: • Molecular Weight: 144.17322 g/molMolecular Formula: C9H8N2XLogP: 2.4Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2Rotatable Bond Count: 0Tautomer Count: 2

  18. Classical benzodiazepines • bromazepam (Lexotanil or Lexotan) • clonazepam (Klonopin) • clorazepate (Tranxene) • chlordiazepoxide (Librium) • diazepam (Valium) • flurazepam (Dalmane) • lorazepam (Ativan or Temesta) • nitrazepam (Mogadon) • oxazepam (Serax) • temazepam (Restoril)

  19. Classical benzodiazepinesclonazepam • clonazepam (Klonopin) • clonazepamはbenzodiazepine受容体にagonistとして作用し, • 高力価benzodiazepine系薬剤で • 強い抗けいれん作用から抗てんかん薬として使用されている

  20. 遷延性(せんえんせい)うつ病に対する気分安定薬 clonazepam • 心身医学 • Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine • Vol.43, No.9(20030901) pp. 583-588 • 日本心身医学会 • 森下 茂  川崎医科大学精神科学教室 • 遷延性うつ病に対する気分安定薬 clonazepamの反応予測因子

  21. clonazepam • Descriptors Computed from Structure: • IUPAC Name: 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-oneCanonical SMILES: C1C(=O)NC2=C(C=C(C=C2)[N+](=O)[O-])C(=N1)C3=CC=CC=C3ClInChI: InChI=1/C15H10ClN3O3/c16-12-4-2-1-3-10(12)15-11-7-9(19(21)22)5-6-13(11)18-14(20)8-17-15/h1-7H,8H2,(H,18,20)/f/h18H • Properties Computed from Structure: • Molecular Weight: 315.7112 g/molMolecular Formula: C15H10ClN3O3XLogP: 2.7Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4Rotatable Bond Count: 1Tautomer Count: 3Exact Mass: 315.041069MonoIsotopic Mass: 315.041069Topological Polar Surface Area: 84.6Heavy Atom Count: 22Charge: 0Complexity: 491Isotope Atom Count: 0Defined Atom StereoCenter Count: 0Undefined Atom StereoCenter Count: 0Defined Bond StereoCenter Count: 0Undefined Bond StereoCenter Count: 0Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

  22. 6-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-nitro-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one6-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-nitro-2,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5,8,10,12-tetraen-3-one

  23. Clonazepam • Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-names Klonopin in the United States • and Rivotril or Rivatril in Europe, South America, Canada, India, and Australia) • is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. • It is a highly potent anticonvulsant抗てんかん薬and anxiolytic抗不安 薬.[1] • Clonazepam, also known as 5-(2-chlorphenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1, 4benzodiazepin-2-one, or as 6-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-nitro-2, 5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-5, 8,10,12-tetraen-3-one (IUPAC name), is structurally related to nitrazepam.[2] • Metabolism • HepaticCYP3A4

  24. Benzodiazepines GABAA receptor • Benzodiazepines produce a range of effects from depressing to stimulating the central nervous system via modulating the GABAA receptor, the most prolific 実り多き inhibitory receptor within the brain. • The GABAA receptor is made up from 5 subunits out of a possible 19, • and GABAA receptors made up of different combinations of subunits have • different properties, • different locations within the brain, • and different activities relative to pharmacological and clinical effects.

  25. Mechanism of BenzodiazepinesActionGABA A receptor • Benzodiazepines bind at the interface of • the α and γ subunits on the GABA A receptor. • Benzodiazepine binding also requires that alpha subunits contain • a histidine amino acid residue, (i.e., α1, α2, α3 and α5 containing GABAA receptors). • For this reason, benzodiazepines show no affinity for α4 and α6 subunits containing GABAA receptors, which contain an arginine instead of a histidine residue. • Other sites on the GABAA receptor also bind neurosteroids, barbiturates and certain anesthetics麻酔薬 .

  26. GABAA receptor, increasing the frequency of opening of the associated chloride ion channel and hyperpolarizing the membrane • In order for GABAA receptors to be sensitive to the action of benzodiazepines, • they need to contain both an α and a γ subunit, • where the benzodiazepine binds at the interface. • Once bound, the benzodiazepine locks the GABAA receptor into a conformation where the neurotransmitter GABA has much higher affinity for the GABAA receptor, • increasing the frequency of opening of the associated chloride ion channel and hyperpolarizing the membrane. • This potentiates the inhibitory effect of the available GABA, • Benzodiazepines with high activity at the α1 are associated with sedation鎮静, whereas those with higher affinity for GABAA receptors containing α2 and/or α3 subunits have good anti-anxiety activity抗不安活性.

  27. Metabolism 肝臓 CYP3A4 • Metabolism Hepatic CYP3A4 • CYP3A4 (Homo sapiens): cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 • 4: P08684Reports BLink, Conserved Domains, LinksCytochrome P450 3A4 (Quinine 3-monooxygenase) (CYPIIIA4) (Nifedipine oxidase) (Cytochrome P450 3A3) (CYPIIIA3) (HLp) (Taurochenodeoxycholate 6-alpha-hydroxylase) (NF-25) (P450-PCN1)gi|116241312|sp|P08684.4|CP3A4_HUMAN[116241312] • LOCUS P08684 503 aa

  28. CYP3A4 • [FUNCTION] Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolatemonooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme isinvolved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performsvarietyof oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, andxenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.

  29. xenobiotics • A xenobiotic (from the Greek words xenos:stranger/foreign and bios:life) is a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. • Specifically, drugs such as antibiotics are xenobiotics in humans because the human body does not produce them itself nor would they be expected to be present as part of a normal diet.

  30. >gi|116241312|sp|P08684.4|CP3A4_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Quinine 3-monooxygenase) (CYPIIIA4) (Nifedipine oxidase) (Cytochrome P450 3A3) (CYPIIIA3) (HLp) (Taurochenodeoxycholate 6-alpha-hydroxylase) (NF-25) (P450-PCN1) • MALIPDLAMETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTHSHGLFKKLGIPGPTPLPFLGNILSYHKGFCMFDMECHKKYGK • VWGFYDGQQPVLAITDPDMIKTVLVKECYSVFTNRRPFGPVGFMKSAISIAEDEEWKRLRSLLSPTFTSG • KLKEMVPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAETGKPVTLKDVFGAYSMDVITSTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVENTKKL • LRFDFLDPFFLSITVFPFLIPILEVLNICVFPREVTNFLRKSVKRMKESRLEDTQKHRVDFLQLMIDSQN • SKETESHKALSDLELVAQSIIFIFAGYETTSSVLSFIMYELATHPDVQQKLQEEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDTV • LQMEYLDMVVNETLRLFPIAMRLERVCKKDVEINGMFIPKGVVVMIPSYALHRDPKYWTEPEKFLPERFS • KKNKDNIDPYIYTPFGSGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLSLGGLLQPEKPVV • LKVESRDGTVSGA

  31. 睡眠障害治療薬の新薬候補Zolpidem

  32. 睡眠障害治療薬の新薬候補Zolpidem • a short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) • Hypnosis催眠 • 不眠症: • フランスsanofi-aventis社 2005年10月発売

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