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Introduction to the book of Revelation

Introduction to the book of Revelation. Albrecht Durer Archangel Michael & Dragon c 1497-98 woodcut, 15 3/8 x 11 in National Gallery, Washington. What type of literature is Revelation?. Albrecht Durer Dragon with Seven Heads c 1497-98

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Introduction to the book of Revelation

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  1. Introductionto the book ofRevelation Albrecht Durer Archangel Michael & Dragon c 1497-98 woodcut, 15 3/8 x 11 in National Gallery, Washington

  2. What type ofliterature is Revelation? Albrecht Durer Dragon with Seven Heads c 1497-98 woodcut, 15 3/8 x 11 in National Gallery, Washington DC

  3. Apocalyptic literature a genre of writing that developed in post- Exilic Jewish literature. From apokalypsis (Ἀποκάλυψις) a Greek word meaning "revelation", or “an unveiling.” A literature which uses visions to unveil temporal realities to reveal eternal verities driving history Other Biblical examples? What type ofliterature is Revelation? Albrecht Durer John Eats the Book c 1497-98 woodcut, 15 3/8 x 11 in National Gallery, Washington DC

  4. Apocalyptic literature a genre of writing that developed in post- Exilic Jewish literature From apokalypsis (Ἀποκάλυψις) a Greek word meaning "revelation", "an unveiling or unfolding of things not previously known and which could not be known apart from the unveiling. L. Michael White Other Biblical examples? Portions of these OT books: Ezekiel Daniel Isaiah What type ofliterature is Revelation? Christ in Glory (as described in Revelation 4:3-8), c 1150 limestone, central west portal Chartres Cathedral

  5. Who wroteRevelation? Albrecht Durer Angel reveals visions to John c 1497-98 woodcut, 15 3/8 x 11 in National Gallery, Washington DC

  6. John the Apostle Justin Martyr (d. 165 AD); Irenaeus (185 AD) Clement of Alexandria (d. c220 AD) Hippolytus (d. c236) Origen (d. c254) John the Presbyter Papias, bishop of Hieropolis (d. 155 AD) linguistic and grammatical differences of gospel and first epistle and the apocalypse prevent it from being the same author. Also sites tourist story of two Johns buried in Ephesus Dionysius of Alexandria (d. 265 AD) Luther “neither apostolic nor prophetic” “The Revelation of Jesus Christ which God gave him . . . and he made known by sending his angel to his servant John.” Revelation 1:1 Who wroteRevelation? Albrecht Durer Angel reveals visions to John c 1497-98 woodcut, 15 3/8 x 11 in National Gallery, Washington DC

  7. “Apostle John saw the revelation at the close of Domitian's reign,” Irenaeus (185 AD) Internal evidence and most scholars would concur with a date of c 90-95 AD When wasRevelationwritten? Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), known as Domitian, 11th Roman Emperor reigned from 14 September 81 until his death. Domitian was 3rd & last emperor of Flavian dynasty Bust of Emperor Domitian c 88-96 AD Pentelic marble, from the area of the Via Principe Amedeo on the Esquiline, discovered 1898. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome

  8. c 81 AD Arch of Titus marble, concrete c 42 x 46’ Rome Erected by Domitian to honor his brother Titus when Domitian became emperor upon Titus’ death in 81 AD

  9. c81 AD Relief with Triumph of Titus marble, 7’10” Arch of Titus, Rome

  10. c81 AD Relief with Spoils of Jerusalem marble, 7’10” Arch of Titus, Rome

  11. “Apostle John saw the revelation at the close of Domitian's reign,” writes Irenaeus in 185 AD. Internal evidence and most scholars would concur with a date of c 90-95 AD When wasRevelationwritten? Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), known as Domitian, was 11th Roman Emperor reigned from 14 September 81 until his death. Domitian was 3rd & last emperor of Flavian dynasty Domitian, AR Cistophoric Tetradrachm, 82, Ephesus IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG P M COS VIII Laureate head right CA | PIT / RESTIT Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus with statues of Jupiter enthroned between Juno and Minerva, quadriga in pediment, statues adorning entire roof 24mm x 26mm, 10.43g RIC II, 222 (R3)

  12. To whom is Revelationwritten?Churches in:EphesusSmyrnaPergamumThyatiraSardisPhiladelphiaLaodicea

  13. Ephesus Celsus Library, 135 AD Built in 135 AD, it is a monumental tomb for Gaius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, the governor of the province of Asia; from his son Galius Julius Aquila. Ephesus, TurkeyThe building was used as a library, the scrolls of the manuscripts were kept in cupboards in niches on the walls. There were double walls behind the bookcases, probably to protect the manuscripts from humidity. The capacity of the library was more than 12,000 scrolls. It was ruined and burned as a result of the invasion of the Goths in 265 AD. To whom is Revelationwritten?

  14. Why wasRevelationwritten? Silver cistophorus of Claudius Greek, about AD 50-51 Minted at Ephesus, modern Turkey The statue of Diana of the Ephesians on a silver coin of the Roman emperor Claudius In the New Testament book of the Acts of the Apostles, the story is told of St Paul's visit to the city of Ephesus. His preaching caused consternation, beginning among the silversmiths who made souvenirs of the famous Temple of Artemis (Diana) in the city. A rabble was roused who pursued Paul's companions in to the city's great theater. The crowd shouted 'Great is Artemis of the Ephesians' for two hours without cessation. The secretary of the town council was forced to appear and remind the mob that 'all the world knows that our city of Ephesus is neokoros ('temple-warden') of the great Artemis and the statue that fell from Zeus'.

  15. Why wasRevelationwritten? Remains of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus  Acts 19:23-41 Paul's visit to Ephesus upsets the cult of Artemis. The silversmith Demetrius led a riot Acts 19:28 When they heard this, they were furious and began shouting: "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!" 29 Soon the whole city was in an uproar. The people seized Gaius and Aristarchus, Paul's traveling companions from Macedonia, and rushed as one man into the theater. 30 Paul wanted to appear before the crowd, but the disciples would not let him. 31 Even some of the officials of the province, friends of Paul, sent him a message begging him not to venture into the theater. Two recently excavated statues of Artemis from the Temple district in Ephesus.

  16. Why wasRevelationwritten? Theater at Ephesus, largest in Asia during Roman times, seating 25,000 Acts 19:23-41 describes the disturbance Paul's visit to Ephesus made to the cult of Artemis. The silversmith Demetrius led a riot Acts 19:28 When they heard this, they were furious and began shouting: "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!" 29 Soon the whole city was in an uproar. The people seized Gaius and Aristarchus, Paul's traveling companions from Macedonia, and rushed as one man into the theater. 30 Paul wanted to appear before the crowd, but the disciples would not let him. 31 Even some of the officials of the province, friends of Paul, sent him a message begging him not to venture into the theater.

  17. This bronze coin of Ephesus comes from the reign of the Roman emperor Macrinus, in AD 217-218. As with many coins of this region and period it carries on the obverse (on the front) a portrait of the reigning emperor, and on the reverse a scene of local significance. The reverse of this coin bears a scene of sacrifice in front of a temple. Within the temple is a statue of a Roman emperor (it is unclear which one), indicating that the temple is dedicated to a deified Roman emperor. The possession of such an imperial temple was a source of much pride to provincial cities in the Roman world. Possession of an imperial cult entitled a city to the title neokoros ('temple-warden'). Ephesus was thus honored several times over: at the time of Macrinus the city was titled neokoros three times, and would be granted one more by the emperor Elagabalus (ruled AD 218-222). Why wasRevelationwritten?

  18. Why wasRevelationwritten? On this relief of the temple Sebasteion in Aphrodisias, Roman emperor Claudius (deified soon after his death by Nero and the Senate) is shown, flanked by a Nereid to his right (symbolized by a boats spade holding in her hand) symbolizing oceans ; and another one to his left, holding a cornucopia, symbolizing the earth. The cape around his head symbolizes nights and days. Overall this relief of Claudius tells us, that he is the ruler of the universe. Emperor Claudius over Land and Sea marble relief from Sebasteion, Aphrodisias

  19. Beatus of Liébana (c. 730–c. 800) was a monk from the Kingdom of Asturias, in northern Spain, who worked and lived in the Picos de Europa mountains of the region of Liébana, complied a commentary on Revelation that was widely copied in the medieval period. What is thesignificance ofRevelation? The world is very evil; the times are waxing late; Be sober and keep vigil, the Judge is at the gate, The Judge that comes in mercy, the Judge that comes with might, To terminate the evil, to diadem the right Bernard of Morlaix (or Cluny, c1140), De contemptu mundi translated by J.M. Neale

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