Water-Energy-Carbon Nexus in Delhi Key indicators, drivers and implications By: Pratima Singh

1. Water-Energy-Carbon Nexus in Delhi Key indicators, drivers and implications By: Pratima Singh Supervisor: Dr. Arun Kansal (TERI Univ.) Co-supervisor: Dr. Cynthia Carliell Marquet (UOB)

2. Water-energy-carbon nexus and under rated issues • ENERGY FOR WATER • US- 4% for WT,5% GHG emission from water sector (1) (no embodied energy) • S.A (eThekwini)- water distribution-0.10 kWh/m3 , GHG emission 0.139 kg CO2e/m3(2) • Belgium- WWTP’s (0.05 to 1.34) MGD was (0.19 to 0.31)kWh/m3(3) • NW Spain- Aeration (0.177 to 0.70) MGD was (1.13 to 2.07) kWh/m3(4) • Toronto- WT 0.68 kWh/m3 and GHG 0.11 kg CO2e/m3 yr.(5) • UK- 3% for WS 41 million tonnes CO2e/yr (6) (no embodied energy) • WATER FOR ENERGY (7) • Coal production- 0.164 m3/GJ • Crude oil- 1.058 m3/GJ • Natural gas- 0.109 m3/GJ • Hydropower- 5.4 m3/MWh • Solar heating- 0.954 m3/MWh • Nuclear plant- 2.726 m3/MWh • Solar thermal power plant- 4 m3/MWh • Thermoelectric power plant- 3.7 m3/MWh Sources: 1. Rothausen.S; Conway.D, 2011 2. Friedrich et al. 2007 3. Lassaux et al., 2007 4. Gallego et L., 2008 5. Racoviceanu et al.,2007 6. Rothausen.S; Conway.D, 2011 7. World energy council report, 2010

3. Knowledge Gaps • Lack of energy studies for urban water sector in Asia & Middle-East. (More focus on agriculture, industries and infrastructure) • Only electrical energy consumption has been considered for the energy use in almost all the studies. • Lack of information related to emission from wastewater system including various treatment processes. • Lack of water-energy-carbon nexus study in South-Asian nation on water system

4. Aim & Objective The study aims to look into the water-energy nexus in a integrated manner for the entire urban water cycle. The nexus will focus on the criticality of one influencing the other. Total energy and forms of energy used in various aspect of urban water sector will be assimilated and also water used for energy generation will be accounted. The study will also look into the energy nexus to find its influence on the climate action plan of the city.

5. Objectives • To find the energy intensity, various form’s of energy consumption of urban water system- the factors that influence the energy use • To find how different forms has influenced overall energy consumption and climate. • To find water requirement of energy generation • Comparative analysis of Birmingham and India water system–lesson’s

6. Scope • System boundary commences at the point of raw water abstraction and ends with discharge of treated wastewater. • Various forms of energy used for operation & maintenance will be accounted (Electrical, manual, petroleum). Energy for construction, embodied energy and chemical energy are not considered. • Carbon emission (off-site and on-site) and potential fugitive emission during treatment process will be taken into account. • Impacts associated with carbon emission’s are not considered. • The end use of water is not taken into account.

7. Key research questions • What is the energy share of water sector to the city’s total energy demand ? • What is energy elasticity with respect to scale of treatment units and technology ? • Does other forms of energy has any significance in total energy estimate ?

8. Main activities of proposed research Growing and producing bio-fuels Hydro power plants Extraction & refining Thermal power plants Water for energy Fuel production Abstraction Disposal Energy for water Groundwater Surface water Intermediate pumping Off-site emissions Intermediate pumping On-site emissions Treatment WW Treatment WW collection Distribution Energy intensity (elect., manual, petroleum) On-site emissions Energy intensity (elect., manual, petroleum) On-site & fugitive emissions Water pumping Tanker-fuel Domestic Booster pump Domestic purifiers Off-site emissions Wastewater pumping Off-site emissions

9. Case study - Delhi

10. 2006 1977 Preliminary results-LU/LC NOIDA <delhi-masterplan.com> (Sharma et al. 2011) (Sharma et al. 2008)

11. Population growth in NCR Data Sources: <indiastat.com>, Census of India; Data Sources: <http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/DMA_Report/CHAPTER_3.pdf>

12. Yamuna Population and resource migration- Yamuna River basin Resource migration Population migration Yamuna basin Photo courtesy: Central Pollution Control Board, <www.google.com>

13. Existing water sources in Delhi Data Sources: MPD-2021, 2003. Department of Environment and Forest, 2010

14. Bhakra-Nangal storage/Sutlej river, 230 km, 140 MGD Sources of raw water, Delhi Western Yamuna Canal, 113 km, 100MGD Hathnikund barrage Tehri Dam/Upper Ganga Canal, 226 km, 240 MGD Eastern Yamuna Canal, 25 km, 240 MGD Wazirabad waterworks, 3 km Wazirabad barrage (210 MGD) Chandrawal waterworks, 3 km Bawana waterworks Sonia vihar waterworks 20 km Nangloi waterworks Bhagirathi waterworks 25 km 228km Dwarka waterworks Haiderpur waterworks I Haiderpur waterworks II 231km 112.4 km Najafgarh drain Shahdara Drain Hindon Cut Agra Canal Supplementary drain Okhla Thermal Power Plant Data Sources: DHI, 2010; http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/uiww/PPT_4th_Meeting/DJB_Water_PPT.pdf

15. MPD-2021, 2003 MPD-2021, 2003

16. Declining trend in groundwater, NCR Data Sources: Shekhar et al.2009 CGWB; NCRPB

17. Energy consumption for groundwater extraction

18. Energy demand forecast for groundwater pumping

19. Public water supplies WTPs Photo courtesy: www.stupco.com Data Source: DJB

20. Trend of increasing gap between water treatment and water demand Data sources: Department of environment and Forest, 2010

21. Private water purifiers 2000s 1990s 1980s Reverse osmosis Filter + U.V. Filter Photo courtesy: www.google.com

22. Water consumption through purifiers Daily production for water for cooking and drinking is found to be 40 liters/day per household Data Source for energy consumption of RO & Filter + UV system: Uniphil Electronics Private Limited

23. Water distribution

24. Water distribution by tankers Data Source: TERI Report No. 1999EE44

25. Photo’s courtesy: www.google.co.in/images • 5741 Gallons of water is distributed everyday by private tankers. • On an avg. 1910 private and 400a public tankers distribute water all over Delhi. • Individual tankers travels 18 km on an avg. and makes 4 trips per day. • Tankers use diesel as fuel and they still run on old engine technology. a- www.ccsindia.org

26. Area without sewerage facility Data source: DJB, 2010

27. Gap between sewage generated and treated Data source: DJB, 2010

28. Methodology • Literature Review • Data collected • field observations, primary data collection • interactions with plant operators and • One-on-one interviews • time inventory of various activities on field for manual energy using stopwatch. • comprehensive inventorization of activities and their sub-activities in STP demanding energy (manual, fuel, electrical) • Validation of data with log-book and records of operation in plant • Equal representation of weekdays and weekends was considered for monitoring

29. Methodology Estimation of electrical energy input • The electrical energy input is estimated by considering the electrical load of the pump/motor (kW), time in hours (h) for which the motor is operated and total amount of wastewater treated. • Where, Ep is the electrical energy kWh/m3; is determined using Q is the total flow of wastewater in m3/d P is the rated power of the electrical motor in kilo Watt (kW) T is the operation hours in a day (h/d)  The motor efficiency is assumed as 80% (Fadare DA 2010).

30. Estimation of manual energy input • Where, Em is manual energy in kWh/m3 is determined using n is the number of nature of activities (light, active, and heavy) m is the number of gender (male, female) E is the human energy equivalent (kW) N is the number of persons engaged in an activity T is the total time devoted in the activity (h/d) Human power equivalent (E) in kW

31. Estimation of fuel energy use • Fuel energy (Ef) kWh/m3 is calculated using eq. • Where, 15.64 is the unit energy value of diesel in kWh/l (Devi 2007a) D is the amount of diesel consumed in l/d. • Diesel consumption is also used for oiling and repairing of machineries Estimation of energy use(booster pumps) for domestic purpose Interview based survey with the help of questionnaire having close ended and quantity based questions. Pilot study will be conducted

32. Estimation of GHG emission’s • Calculation of direct and in-direct emissions associated with electricity generation PCO2, electricity = Erequired ×∑ (Fi × EFi) • Where, PCO2, electricity is GHG production of the plant (kg CO2e/m3) Erequired is the electricity demands of the plant in kWh/m3 Fi is the % contribution of the fuel (i) to satisfy electricity generation needs EFi is the GHG emission factor of fuel (i) in producing electricity in kg CO2e/kWh

33. Process wise energy distribution

34. Total electrical energy consumption by centralized WWTPs

35. Total fuel energy consumption by centralized WWTPs

36. Total manual energy consumption by centralized WWTPs

37. Total energy consumption by centralized WWTPs

38. Percentage share of energy

39. Technology wise energy distribution

40. Zonal energy distribution

41. Zonal % energy distribution (SPS+WWTP’s)

42. Decentralized WWTP

43. Total energy consumption and CO2 emission in urban water cycle

44. Water for energy Govt. of NCT of Delhi 2001-02

45. Water for energy Data Source: http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article2519668.ece http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article2525061.ece

46. Key indicators, drivers and Implications • Tension between water and energy is growing. Demand of energy for wastewater treatment WWTP’s in urban water cycle is increasing with increasing population, which is found to be 2.65Wh/m3 (3.9% of the total power demand of the city) and availability of water for energy generation is reducing resulting in less power generation during peak season. • Increasing trends of energy demand for sewage pumping: In Delhi from all the 7 zones the total energy use for sewage pumping is found to be about 0.13kWh/m3 , (3.5% of the total power demand of the city) • Process having the greatest impact on energy consumption: Aeration in activated sludge process that the highest energy use of 1.28kWh/m3 (48% of the total energy consumed in the treatment process).

47. Key indicators, drivers and Implications • Activated sludge process dominated the energy consumption with 0.87kWh/m3 (33% of the total energy consumed in the treatment process) compared to other technologies • Increase in energy consumption with large urban spread: Out of the seven zonal areas in Delhi, it was found that Okhla zone consumed the highest amount of energy for sewage pumping and wastewater treatment, 1.86kWh/m3 (67% of the total energy consumed in treatment and pumping process).

48. THANKS