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Blacks, Whites and New South

Blacks, Whites and New South. Richard Jensen Sumter 2008. Blacks as 2 nd Class Citizens. Loss of Political Power Segregation Poor services (schools) Sharecroppers Some Farm Owners Leaders: ministers & teachers. After Reconstruction. 1872: “Liberal Republicans” revolt

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Blacks, Whites and New South

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  1. Blacks, Whites and New South Richard Jensen Sumter 2008

  2. Blacks as 2nd Class Citizens • Loss of Political Power • Segregation • Poor services (schools) • Sharecroppers • Some Farm Owners • Leaders: ministers & teachers

  3. After Reconstruction • 1872: “Liberal Republicans” revolt • Populist revolt of poor white farmers fails (1890-96) • PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896) Segregation ok’d by Supreme Court Disfranchisement (1890s) • Lynchings & racial violence (1890-1920) • NAACP formed (1906)

  4. Heroic Image of KKK in “Birth of a Nation” movie 1913

  5. Modernizers wanted to bring industry to South

  6. Geography- 1 • RURAL South • “black belt” • Cotton • Also tobacco

  7. Cotton Belt = Black Belt

  8. Black Belt 1910

  9. Then: Picking cotton by hand

  10. Then: farmers bring in cotton crop

  11. Today: machines do the work

  12. South Carolina today • Only 900 cotton farms left in the state • 2006 2 million jobs in SC: • Factories: 260,000 (including 28,000 in textile mills) • Construction: 123,000 • Stores 370,000 • Education & health: 290,000 • Tourism 205,000 • Government 334,000 • Unemplyed 140,000 • recent Statistics

  13. Tobacco Too

  14. Moonshine & Lawlessness

  15. Baptist & Methodist Churches Grow

  16. Conditions in 1900 • Most blacks in rural South • Segregation • Jim Crow • Most in poverty, but making gains • Education: little • Voting: no in deep South; yes in North; yes in border states • Lynchings and threats

  17. Blacks as 2nd Class Citizens • Loss of Political Power • Segregation • Poor services (schools) • Sharecroppers • Some Farm Owners • Leaders: ministers & teachers

  18. Terminology: contested • Colored (19c) • people of color (1980- ) • Negro (1910-1960) • “niggra” (polite South before 1960) • Black (1960- ) • African-American (1980- ) • N-Word (very nasty term)

  19. White South upper class middle class Farm owner working class tenants/ croppers Black South upper class middle class Farm owner working class tenants/ croppers underclass South, 1865-1940: Parallel Social Structure

  20. Religious Structure • Very high religiosity • 65% Baptist, 20% Methodist • Also Catholic, Fundamentalist, Muslim • own [segregated] churches • dominant ministers • Adam Clayton Powell (1950s) • M L King (1960s) • Blacks as Christlike victims • Must redeem whites from racism

  21. Segregation Era 1880-1964 • Exclusion from power & prestige • Segregation: De Facto & De Jure • Supreme Court approves: Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 • schools, churches, jobs • GEOGRAPHICAL: “BLACK BELT” IN So, cities • Politics: Age of White Supremacy • Disfranchisement, 1890-1915 • Lynchings during transition • Economic Status: very poor

  22. Disfranchisement 1890-1965 • The attack: Blacks political corrupt; never learned republicanism; system must be purified • Defense: racism is even worse form of corruption • Result: blacks lose vote in deep South (1890-1965)

  23. Lynching

  24. White Views 1890-1930 • Black and Tans • continue interracial coalition • Neo-Abolitionists • war not over till blacks get equality • Paternalists • Blacks need education & economic independence before vote • White Supremacists • zero toleration of black power

  25. Black Leadership Disputes 1890-1930 • Booker T. Washington, political leader • Atlanta speech, 1896 = accept segregation • Tuskegee Institute & industrial education • Work with T Roosevelt, Carnegie • W.E.B. DuBois--intellectual leader; NAACP • equality; liberal arts for “talented tenth” • Marcus Garvey: Black Nationalism, 1920s

  26. W E B DuBois

  27. Marcus Garvey & Back to Africa 1920

  28. Drafted into Army World War I

  29. Migration: out of rural South

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