Period 7

1. Period 7 1890-1945 17% of the test

2. IMPERIALISM: AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE (1890-1914) • Imperialism – Desire to own territory outside your borders,

3. Imperialism - stronger nations control weaker nations many European nations had colonies U.S. did not

4. 3 factors fueled U.S. imperialism • New markets • We were producing more goods than we could buy • Need new places to sell our goods • Strategic Reasons • Admiral Alfred Mahan urged strengthening the navy • Built more ships, became world’s largest naval power • suggested we needed overseas naval bases • America was better than the people of other countries • nationalism • Belief in cultural superiority • spread Christianity, civilize the world • known as“the white man’s burden”

5. Test Tip • Imperialism/Manifest Destiny • Both led to territorial expansion and new markets • Both led to military conflicts that would result in expansion • The U.S. did not justify Manifest Destiny as a mission to civilize Native-Americans just to spread democracy • Imperialism the “White Man’s Burden” came into play • Taking possession of lands with different ethnic backgrounds and cultural traditions

6. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR1898 • Known as “The Splendid Little War” • 5642 Americans die • 379 in combat • The rest to disease • U.S. had always wanted Cuba as a colony for its sugar industry • 1895, Cuban rebels, led by Jose Marti, rebelled against Spanish rule • Destroyed American-owned property to provoke U.S. • 1896, Spain sends Valeriano Weyler, a harsh dictator, to Cuba to restore order

7. “yellow journalism” • Exaggerating, fabricating stories to sell newspapers • pushed us towards war with Spain • William R. Hearst told Frederick Remington “you furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” Pulitzer Hearst

8. Two events caused U.S. to declare war on Spain • DeLome letter • Spanish ambassador called President McKinley weak in a private letter that was published in the paper • Feb. 1898, Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor • 266 Americans killed • press blamed Spain • “Remember the Maine” becomes the battle cry • April, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain

9. Cuba • Teller Amendment • Prior to the declaration of war Congress adopted this stating that the US would not control Cuba after the war • 1900 - Cuba adopted a constitution • forced to add Platt Amendment • U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs to protect American business interests • forced Cuba to lease harbor to U.S. Navy • Guantanamo Bay • 1902 Cuba becomes semi-independent • remained a U.S. protectorate until 1934 • Country that is partially controlled by stronger country

10. Puerto Rico • Foracker Act, 1900 • ended military rule • set up civil government • but remained American possession • 1917 - people became U.S. citizens

11. Philippine Islands • Not sure what to do with Philippines • Return to Spain • Grant independence • Annex • our duty to “civilize” • Violates our commitment to self-determination • Will serve as a base for U.S. business and military interests in the Asian-Pacific region. • Emilio Aguinaldo • felt betrayed by U.S. • leads rebellion against U.S.

12. Philippine Insurrection • guerrilla warfare • both sides resorted to atrocities/torture • 4230 Americans died, more than 25,000 Filipinos died • finally ended in 1901 when Aguinaldo was captured • given independence in 1946

13. China • foreign nations control areas of China known as Spheres of Influence • U.S. proposes “Open Door Policy” • Announced by John Hay, Sec. of State • all nations should have equal trading rights in China • meant to protect U.S. commercial interests in China

14. Test Tip • The Open Door policy has a high priority in the minds of exam writers. • Be sure you know that it was intended to protect American commercial, business, interests in China

15. Panama Canal • American dream since Calif. Gold Rush of 1849 • Main argument was reduce shipping distance between east and west coast • Would impact speed and cost on international trade • Increase naval mobility and expand overseas markets • Roosevelt wanted to show how strong we were.

16. Panama • needed permission from Colombia • Inspired Panama to revolt from Colombia • construction lasted 10 years • 5600 died from disease (malaria, yellow fever) • Dr. Walter Reed • Discovered mosquito’s carried these diseases • William Gorgas • Cleaned up mosquito ridden areas

17. Roosevelt Corollary • Added to the Monroe Doctrine • Worried that European loans to Latin America could be in default • U.S. had the right to intervene in the affairs of Central America and the Caribbean • may use military force to protect its interests in Latin America

18. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1900 - 1920) Primary Goal was to correct Industrial, Political and Social injustices

19. The Agrarian Movement1870-1900 • Farmer problems • Increased production led to falling prices • Railroad charged unfair rates to ship products • Deeper in debt • Grange Movement, 1867 • Farmers union • Group of farmers demanding changes • Opposed banks, railroad • Supported politicians that supported them • Helped get Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 passed • Regulates railroad for the first time • Organizes Co-ops, cooperative marketing society

20. Populist Party, 1892-1896 • Political party most interested in improving conditions for farmers • Adopt secret ballot • Direct election of senators • Short-lived • Western and southern farmers did not agree • Democratic Party absorbed many Populist stances • Faded away after the election of William McKinley, 1896

21. Test Tip • Important to remember that the Populist Party was a response to the growth of corporate power over that of agriculture and economic instability in farming. Populists had the most in common with the ideas of the Progressives

22. Progressives (reformers) pushed for changes to society • had 4 goals: • 1. Reform big business and government • 2. Protect social welfare • 3. Promote moral improvement • 4. Foster Efficiency • They did not fight for the passage of civil rights laws

23. The Progressive Leaders • Primarily middle class reformers concerned with urban and consumer issues • Rejected Social Darwinism arguing that cooperation offered the best way to improve society • Believed that government should be used to improve social problems • Wanted to use government power • regulate industrial production • improve labor conditions • Wanted to build a more democratic and just society

24. Test Tip • It’s important to know what Progressive’s fought for but it is also important to know what they did not fight for, passage of civil rights laws or the creation of a socialist commonwealth

25. Muckrakers • Journalists wrote about business and political corruption • Leading critics of urban bosses and corporate robber-barons • Rise of mass circulation of newspapers and magazines enabled them to reach large audiences

26. Leading Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair • Wrote the novel “The Jungle”exposing the meat packing industry • Helped convince Congress to pass laws protecting consumers • Jacob Riis • Wrote“How the Other Half Lives” • life in slums with pictures

27. Lincoln Steffens • exposes city government • Political machines • Ida Tarbell • Foremost woman in muckraking business • Wrote“Mother of Trusts” • Critical history of Rockefeller and Standard Oil Co.

28. Test Tip • Exam writers like to concentrate on Jacob Riis. Don’t disregard Tarbell or Sinclair or Steffens but prepare to explain Riis’s interest

29. Social Welfare, cont. • Booker T. Washington • believed racism would end when African-Americans acquired useful vocational skills • prove their value to society

30. Social Welfare, cont. • W.E.B. DuBois • Most influential advocate of social equality for African-Americans • first African-American to receive Doctorate Degree from Harvard (1895) • disagreed with Washington • foundedNiagara Movement • provided liberal arts education in order to lead their communities • Founded the NAACP in 1909

31. Test Tip • Be able to compare and contrast the views of Du Bois and Washington, be specific.

32. THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS (1900-1920) • Without their support and participation the reforms made would have been slower in coming if at all.

33. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) • very active, forceful president • believed the Government should take a more active role in society • used presidency as a “Bully Pulpit” • Wanted to see that the common people received a “Square Deal”.

34. Teddy’s Square Deal • Meat Inspection Act, 1906 • result of him reading “The Jungle” • Unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry • Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 • required truthful labels on products

35. Trustbuster • good trusts • Became a monopoly legally • provided products at a fair price • watchdog over good trusts • bad trusts • took advantage of the public • used unfair practices to create a monopoly • used Sherman Anti-Trust Act to attack harmful trusts • took bad trusts to court

36. Conservationist • High priority • Protect Nation’s natural resources • established more National Parks to protect wildlife and natural resources

37. Conservationist vs Preservationist • What’s the difference? • Conservationist(Pinchot) • managed “hands-on” approach • Environment and it’s resources should be managed in a responsible manner • Preservationist (Muir) • Advocated strict “hands-off” approach • People should have access to the land but only utilize it for beauty and inspiration

38. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) • Only second Democrat since 1861 • Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889 & 1893-1897 • first president from a seceded state (VA) • eliminate special privileges of big business • Federal Reserve Act • EstablishesFederal Reserve System • regulates interest rates • regulates amount of money in circulation

39. Test Tip • Exam writers focus almost all their attention to Teddy while omitting Taft and limiting questions on Wilson to the Federal Reserve Act

40. 1. Government Reforms, cont. • initiative • people propose a law, skips legislatures • referendum • Approve changes in law by a vote • recall • remove elected officials by forcing them to face another election before the end of the term. • 17th Amendment, 1912 • people elect their Senators instead of State Legislators selecting them • more power to the people • made government more democratic • Government more responsive to the people

41. 1920 – 19th amendment gives women right to vote

42. (1914-1918) “The Great War” “The War to End All Wars” “To Make The World Safe For Democracy” Woodrow Wilson

43. U.S. enters the war, 1917 • Provocations: • Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare Feb. 1917, main reason • 1917, Zimmerman Note • England intercepted message from Germany to Mexico • Mexico join Central Powers and invade U.S. • after war Texas to Calif. would be restored to Mexico • Russia drops out of the war • Russian Revolution starts in 1917 • U.S. declares war on Germany

44. Women and minorities went to work in factories • main reason why factories continued production despite the loss of workers • Will increase support for women’s right to vote

45. The Great Migration • Over 500,000 African-Americans moved from the South to the North • Worked in factories • led to increased racial tension in the North after the War

46. Enforcing Loyalty • Congress passes three laws • Trading with the Enemy Act - postmaster could censor any publications exchanged with another country • Espionage Act - punished anyone found guilty of helping the enemy, hurting recruitment, or starting a riot, revolt • Sedition Act - prohibited any speech that was disloyal, profane, .. about the government, the flag, the military or the constitution, became very controversial • Allowed the government to silence ideas that challenged authority

47. Schenckvs U.S. 1919 • Charles Schenck distributed literature to convince Americans to ignore the draft. • He was arrested and found guilty of espionage • Upheld by Supreme Court saying the Freedom of Speech is limited and using the “clear and present danger” test

48. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 (Flawed Peace) • Failed to remember to treat all nations equally, win or lose • Wilson’s 14 points • plan for peace, eliminates causes of war, • establishes a League of Nations, • organization of nations that will negotiate to avoid war. • Goal for a lasting peace • All points rejected by the Allied leaders except for the League of Nations • wanted a “war guilt” clause

49. U.S. Reaction • U.S. Senate must ratify any treaty • agreed with all points except League of Nations • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led the fight against joining the League of Nations • it could drag US into future wars. • Senate rejects treaty

50. Test Tip • Test writers typically spend more attention to the home front than to battles and generals. • Be sure you are familiar with the Schenk case and the Great Migration