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Chapter 5 (CIC) and Chapter 4, 8, 11 (CTCS)

Chapter 5 (CIC) and Chapter 4, 8, 11 (CTCS). Read in CTCS Chapter 4.5, 8.5, 11.2 Problems in CTCS: 4.49, 51, 53, 59, 63, 8.35, 37, 39, 41. H 2 O. 70% of the surface of the Earth 60% of our bodies 50% of our blood 77% of our brain Tap water is $0.001/quart

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Chapter 5 (CIC) and Chapter 4, 8, 11 (CTCS)

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  1. Chapter 5 (CIC) and Chapter 4, 8, 11 (CTCS) • Read in CTCS Chapter 4.5, 8.5, 11.2 • Problems in CTCS: 4.49, 51, 53, 59, 63, 8.35, 37, 39, 41

  2. H2O • 70% of the surface of the Earth • 60% of our bodies • 50% of our blood • 77% of our brain • Tap water is $0.001/quart • Bottled water is $1.00/quart (1000x tap water)

  3. Where is the Water? • 97.4% is in oceans • 2.6% is freshwater • 2.24% (86% of freshwater)is in glaciers and polar ice caps • 0.01% is in lakes, rivers and streams • 80% of freshwater in US is used to irrigate and cool electrical power plants

  4. Water as a Solvent • Solvent – substance that dissolves other substances (solutes) • Solute – substances that are dissolved in solvents • Solution - homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute • When the solution uses water as the solvent, the solution is referred to as “aqueous” (aq)

  5. What’s a mg/L? • You are familiar with % (parts per 1 x 102), ppm (parts per 1 x 106), and ppb (parts per 1 x 109) • Need to know that the density of water is 1.0 g/mL Q: Convert 1.04 mg F-/L H2O to ppm A: 1.04 ppm 1 ppm = 1 mg/L

  6. Molarity • Larger concentrations require other units • Molarity (M) – moles of solute/L solution • Allows comparison of molecules (not mass) of solute per liter of solution Q: Calculate the molarity of a solution that has 10.387 g of C6H12O6 dissolved in 100. mL of solution A: 0.576 M

  7. Q: How many grams of formaldehyde are contained in 2.5 L of 12.3 M formalin? A: 930 g HCHO Q: Typical blood serum is about 0.14 M NaCl. What volume of blood contains 1.0 mg NaCl? A: 0.12 mL blood

  8. Dilution • M1V1 = M2V2 (moles in solution 1 is the same as in solution 2) Q: Concentrated hydrochloric acid is 12M. How much conc. HCl (aq) is required to make 150 mL of 1.0 M HCl (aq)? A: 12 mL conc. HCl

  9. Properties of Water • Water is a Liquid! • The solid is less dense than the liquid • Water has a very high specific heat

  10. Electronegativity • Hydrogen bonding is the answer and this can be explained using electronegativities • Figure 8.7 on pg 274 • F = 4.0, O = 3.5, N = 3.0, C = 2.5, B = 2.0, Be = 1.5, Li = 1.0, and H = 2.1 • Electronegativities increase as the element gets more nonmetallic in character • The difference between H and O is 1.4 units which gives a very polar bond

  11. Bond Polarity

  12. Specific Heat • Specific Heat – heat capacity (temp change of a substance when it absorbs a certain amount of energy) of 1 g of substance • Water has a specific heat of 1.00 cal/gºC • Organic substances are typically half this value • Why ocean front areas are held at moderate temps • Why deserts are hot in the day and cold at night Q: Name a substance with a high specific heat

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