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Making Soap

Making Soap . History of Soap making. Babylonians around 2800 B.C discovered that combining animal fat with wood ash produced a substance capable of easier cleaning.  Egyptians ( 1600 B.C) mixed animal fat and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to produce a soap-like substance.

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Making Soap

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  1. Making Soap

  2. History of Soap making Babylonians around 2800 B.C discovered that combining animal fat with wood ash produced a substance capable of easier cleaning.  Egyptians (1600 B.C) mixed animal fat and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to produce a soap-like substance

  3. The Aleppo Soap One of the most famous ancient and modern soaps Made manually for more than 1000 years It takes one year for production and drying Composed of natural oils and is biodegradable

  4. What is Saponification? A process in which esters in fat are hydrolyzed with sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) to produce the carboxylate anion which can act as a surfactant, i.e. soap

  5. Saponification Reaction

  6. Saponification Mechanism

  7. How Soaps Work Hydrocarbon chain with carboxylate head to form a micelles shape

  8. Conditions that Effect Soap Fats and oils that are most common in soap are lard and tallow (animal sources) and coconut, palm, and olive oils (vegetable sources). Length of hydrocarbon chain and number of double bonds in the carboxylic acid portion of the fat or oil determine the properties of the resulting soap Soap makers usually use a mixture of different fats and oils for best results.

  9. One oil vs a mixture In general, oils that are great for cleaning produce a harder bar and aren’t good at moisturizing, while moisturizing oils produce softer bars and don’t clean as well. Soft (liquid) soap is made with KOH instead of NaOH Available in lab (vegetable (soy I think), olive, grape seed, canola and coconut oil)

  10. Cold vs Hot method Both need heat The hot process uses heat to speed the reaction resulting in fully saponified soap by the time you pour your soap into molds The cold process uses just enough heat to ensure that all the fat is melted prior to reacting it with the base

  11. Measurements Use table to calculate amount of NaOHrequired In this experiment, you will use a 5 % excess of the oil to ensure that nearly all of the sodium hydroxide is consumed or soap will be too basic and could be harmful to use Measure pH of your soap to make sure it is good for skin use

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