Dr. Boris Liberman Gal Greenberg, Vitaly Levitin, Avi Hamu 17 December 2015

1. Dr. Boris Liberman Gal Greenberg, Vitaly Levitin, Avi Hamu 17 December 2015 Wastewater IDE PROGREEN™ New Developments in Water Reuse

2. Standard WWRO CIP CEB Hypo Ammonium SBS ACID ANTISCALANT Ferric RO micronic UF • Philosophical approach of present wastewater desalination technology based on: • Removing suspended solids and bacteria prior to water contact with RO membranes. • Preparing chloramines to prevent bacteria development on membrane surface. • Technology Weaknesses • UF pretreatment passes small organic particles which cause pressure increases by 60-80% within one year • UF pretreatment passes dissolved oxygen and nutrients to RO, causing peripheral biofouling • Misbalance between hypo, ammonium damages membranes • Chloramines negatively affect advanced oxidation treatment (AOP) • Large amount of harsh chemicals is expensive and requires complicated O&M activity • Sensitive to disruptions in secondary treatment

3. RO Wastewater IDE PROGREEN™ Bacteria is not what causes problems for RO membranes.The true enemies are nutrients, oxygen and extended fouling on membranes. Air NaCl Antiscalant Sand filter Product micronic RO UF Philosophical approach of IDE PROGREEN™ based on adding and consuming dissolved oxygen together with dissolved nutrients by bacteria activity in the sand filter. Suspended solids are adsorbed by bacteria extracellular enzymes. Very little AOC is consumed. • Technology Strengths • Bacteria passes to RO in starvation environment (low O2/AOC) • Sand filter is robust to withstand disruptions in secondary treatment • No chloramine, misbalance or damage to membranes • Practically no chemicals used except recoverable draw solution • No chloramines to affect advanced oxidation treatment • RO membrane is a physical protection instead of chemical • Bacteria log removal provided by high flux UF on permeate stream • Simple and non-expensive treatment BW USA Pat.7,658,852; Australia Pat. 2005254337; Singapore Pat. 153812 Israel Pat. GB 1414263.2 GB 1501243.8 Pat Pending

4. Chemotaxis Behavior of Bacteria in Membrane Any amount of bacteria can pass in the feed spacer of the RO element without causing any trouble in starvation environment (no oxygen, no nutrients). 700 µm feed spacer 2

5. UF vs. Sand Filter without Chlorination Comparison of Removal Effectiveness

6. How IDE PROGREEN™ Protects RO Membranes Frequent and Physical Processes instead of Chemicals • Dissolved air media filtration • Frequent osmotic backwash • High shearing velocity • Osmotic dehydration of bacteria • Membrane dram oscillationprevents “quorum sensing”

7. Direct Osmosis High Salinity Frequent Osmotic Backwash with Sharply Increased Shearing Velocity

8. Normal RO Process PGr 12bar NDP 8.1 POr 3 bar Feed Reject POp 0.1 bar PGp 1 bar Product Product Product Product Product NDPRO = PGr-POr-PGp+Pop NDPRO = 12 – 3 - 1 + 0.1 = +8.1 bar

9. Direct (Forward) Osmosis High SalinityFrequent Osmotic Backwash by Permeate Saline Solution 100 bar PGr 12 bar Feed Reject POr 3bar NDP 89 Product Product Pop 0.1 bar Product PGp 1 bar Product Product Product NDPRO = PGr-POr-PGp+Pop NDPRO = 12 - 3 - 1 + 0.1 = + 8.1 bar NDP DO (FO) = 12 - 100- 1 + 0.1 = -88.9 bar USA Pat. 7,658,852; Australia Pat. 2005254337; Singapore Pat. 153812 Israel Pat. GB 1414263.2 GB 1501243.8 Pat Pending

10. Direct Osmosis High SalinitySharply Increases Shearing Velocity High Salinity Draw Solution Product Feed Feed Product Product USA Pat.7,658,852; Australia Pat. 2005254337; Singapore Pat. 153812 Israel Pat. GB 1414263.2 GB 1501243.8 Pat Pending

11. Direct Osmosis High Salinity Bacteria Dehydration

12. Direct Osmosis High SalinityOsmotic Dehydration of Bacteria • Draw Solution100 bar osmotic pressure Microorganism Dehydrated Before exposition to salt USA Pat.7,658,852; Australia Pat. 2005254337; Singapore Pat. 153812 Israel Pat. GB 1414263.2 GB 1501243.8 Pat Pending

13. Direct Osmosis High Salinity Fast and Frequent Fouling Removal

14. Direct Osmosis High Salinity • Removal of settled particles takes place before they create strong van der Waals interactions with the surface

15. Micro Hydro Pulses Cause Membrane Dram Oscillation Partial Mechanical Detachment “Quorum Sensing” Prevention

16. Micro Hydro Pulses Cause Membrane Dram Oscillation 20,000 drums USA Pat.7,658,852; Australia Pat. 2005254337; Singapore Pat. 153812 Israel Pat. GB 1414263.2 GB 1501243.8 Pat Pending

17. Membrane Drum Oscillation by Micro Hydro Pulses PGr ± 1 bar 500µm PGp± 0.5 bar The membrane shaking amplitude is about 5µm USA Pat.7,658,852; Australia Pat. 2005254337; Singapore Pat. 153812 Israel Pat. GB 1414263.2 GB 1501243.8 Pat Pending

18. Oscillated Bacteria Loss Cell-cell Communication SystemQuorum Sensing

19. IDE PROGREEN™ Technology implemented in Herzliya Wastewater RO Pilot Plant Israel

20. IDE PROGREEN™ Technology implemented on Secondary Effluent of Municipal WW Desalination Pilot Plant Operation with and without oscillation of free membrane parts

21. IDE PROGREEN™ Technology implemented on Secondary Effluent of Municipal WW Desalination Pilot Plant Continuous precise synchronic oscillation of membrane drums Gauge pressure oscillation applied to permeate and reject flow DOHS every 4 hours

22. IDE PROGREEN™ WWROMembranes 6 Month Operation without UF & Chemicals Bacterial concentration in DOHS-treated membrane is 1-3 log lower than the common concentration of biofilm in WWRO membranes (105CFU/cm2)

23. IDE PROGREEN™ WWROMembranes6 Month Operation without UF & Chemicals

24. Conclusion Forward osmosis and micro hydro pulses provide 5 effects that replace chemicals: • Forward osmosis backwash • Sharply increased shearing velocity • Bacteria dehydrates by “salt curing” • Frequent removal of particles before strong van der Waals interaction is created with the surface • Permanent oscillation of membrane drums prevents formation of bio-film “quorum sensing” and prevents particle attachment to membranes USA Pat. 7,658,852; Australia Pat. 2005254337; Singapore Pat. 153812 Israel Pat. GB 1414263.2 GB 1501243.8 Pat Pending