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Cooperation

Cooperation. Reciprocators, Cheaters, and Everyone Else . Who Can You Trust?. DeBruine (2002) Two-person sequential trust game Manipulated resemblance of “other player” by morphing with participant’s face Participants trusted similar faces over dissimilar ones.

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Cooperation

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  1. Cooperation Reciprocators, Cheaters, and Everyone Else

  2. Who Can You Trust? • DeBruine (2002) • Two-person sequential trust game • Manipulated resemblance of “other player” by morphing with participant’s face • Participants trusted similar faces over dissimilar ones

  3. Extending the Problem of Altruism • While Hamilton’s rule explains kin-selected altruism, it does not explain cooperation between nonkin • How can altruistic behaviour between nonkin be explained in light of evolutionary theory? • The work of Alexander, Hamilton, and Trivers provides us with an answer: reciprocal altruism

  4. Reciprocal Altruism • Providing a service at a cost may be selected for if there are greater reciprocated benefits in the future • Cooperation between two individuals for mutual – although not always immediate – benefit • Synonymous with social exchange and cooperation

  5. Iterative Prisoner’s Dilemma (1) • Two strategies: cooperate or defect • Features of the game • Simple representation of real situations • Intelligent plays should be self-evident • Changes significantly over repeated plays

  6. Iterative Prisoner’s Dilemma (2) Numbers represent length of jail sentence Cooperate Defect R = 2 S = 10 Cooperate T = 0 P = 5 Defect

  7. Tit for Tat • Alexander ran a computerized round-robin “tournament” of competing strategies in iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma • Tit for Tat strategy was the most successful • Never defect first • Retaliate only after the other player defected • Be “forgiving”

  8. Examples of Reciprocity in Nature • Vampire bats • Regurgitate blood nonrandomly: for “friends” • Baboons & aid during sexual contests • Vervet monkeys & allogrooming • Common chimpanzees • Alliances formed for status (with sexual benefits) after a “political” fashion

  9. Social Contract Theory • Fundamental capacities of negotiating & maintaining social contracts (cheater detection) • Recognition of individual humans • Historical memory of interactions • Communication of values • Model values of others • Representation of costs and benefits

  10. Cheater Detection (1) • Wason reasoning task • Letter on one side, number on other • If there is a “K” on one side, there is a “2” on the other K R 2 0

  11. Cheater Detection (2) • Wason reasoning task • Beer or Coke on one side, age on other • If drinking beer, they must be over 19 years old 19 Beer 16 Coke

  12. Cheater Detection (3) • Correct answers K R 2 0 19 Beer 16 Coke

  13. Cheater Detection (4) • The case of R.M. • Bilateral damage to medial orbitofrontal cortex & anterior temporal cortex • Left & right amygdala disconnected • Performed significantly worse on social contract problems than “precaution” problems • Controls showed no such deficit

  14. The Wrap-Up • Kin selection • Based on Hamilton’s rule • Increases inclusive fitness • Reciprocal altruism • Cost incurred for greater benefit in future • Prisoner’s Dilemma & Tit for Tat • Social contracts & cheater detection

  15. Things to Come • Aggression • Adaptationist perspective • Sex differences • Patterns of aggression • Context effects • Warfare

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