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Paperclipidae

This study investigates the phylogenetic relationships within Paperclipidae using cladistic analysis, addressing issues of synapomorphy, autapomorphy, parsimony, reversal, convergence, consensus, and polytomies. The study also examines the ontogenetic variability and sexual dimorphism within the species, particularly regarding the diagnostic value of plastic traits.

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Paperclipidae

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  1. Paperclipidae Original Assumption (unstated): 1 individual = 1 species 7individuals Outgroup taxon not in set; described as headless straight pin or eyeless needle

  2. THE ISSUES: SYNAPOMORPHY, AUTAPOMORPHY • Characters (0=absent, 1=present): • Wire bent • Wire doubles back on itself • Wire crosses over itself How do we construct a simple cladogram? Outgroup

  3. Outgroup 3 2 1

  4. THE ISSUES: PARSIMONY, REVERSAL • Characters (0=absent, 1=present): • Wire bent • Wire doubles back on itself • Wire crosses over itself • Head What hypothesis yields the shortest tree? Outgroup

  5. Outgroup 4 3 2 1 Tree length = 4 steps Most parsimonious tree (MPT)

  6. Outgroup 3 2 1 -4 4 Tree length = 5 steps

  7. THE ISSUES: CONVERGENCE, CONSENSUS & POLYTOMIES • Characters (0=absent, 1=present): • Wire bent • Wire doubles back on itself • Wire crosses over itself • Head • Plastic Did plastic evolve more than once? Outgroup

  8. Outgroup 5 5 3 4 2 1 Hypothesis 1 – Plastic evolved convergently in two lineages Tree length = 6 steps

  9. Outgroup 4 4 -2 3 -1 5 2 Hypothesis 2a – Plastic evolved only once; head evolved convergently in two lineages 1 Tree length = 8 steps

  10. Outgroup 2 3 1 -4 5 2 4 1 Hypothesis 2b – Plastic evolved only once; wire bending/doubling evolved convergently in two lineages Tree length = 8 steps

  11. Outgroup 5 5 3 4 2 1 Plastic more likely evolved twice. This is not the only possible MPT. Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)

  12. Outgroup 3 5 5 4 2 1 Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)

  13. Outgroup 3 5 5 4 2 1 Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)

  14. Outgroup Strict consensus of three MPTs showing polytomy.

  15. Paperclipidae Original (unstated) Assumption: 1 individual = 1 species ARE YOU SURE? THE ISSUE: WHAT IS THIS INDIVIDUAL?

  16. Size as ontogenetically variable / sexually dimorphic Species A adult, Species B, Species A juvenile OR Species A male, Species B, Species A female

  17. Plastic as ontogenetically variable / sexually dimorphic Species A, Species B adult, Species B juvenile OR Species A, Species B male, Species B female OR Species A adult male, Species A juvenile, Species A adult female

  18. Paperclipidae IF PLASTIC IS NOT DIAGNOSTIC AT SPECIES LEVEL, ARE THESE ALSO THE SAME SPECIES?

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