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Endocrine System

Learn about the key characteristics, functions, and glands of the endocrine system, including hormone types, actions, and control mechanisms. Explore disorders like diabetes, thyroid issues, and adrenal gland dysfunctions.

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System Created By: Lauren Covey, Sophia Yang, Delaney Sullivan, Lena Tahir, Michael Chen

  2. General Characteristics • The main functioning unit of the endocrine system is the hormone. • Travels through interstitial fluid and blood to reach target cells. • Secreted by endocrine glands. • Ex: Pituitary, Thyroid, etc.

  3. Characteristics of Hormones • Steroid hormones • Formed from cholesterol • Lipids • Doesn’t use second messengers to transmit signal to cell nucleus • Examples: Sex hormones, such as testosterone

  4. Hormones (cont.) • Nonsteroid hormones • Amines • Derived from the amino acid thyrosine • Ex: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine • Protein • Long chains of amino acids • Ex: PTH • Peptide • Short chains of amino acids • Ex: ADH • Glycoproteins • Proteins and carbohydrates • Ex: FSH

  5. Hormone Action • Steroid • Nonpolar, so are able to pass through cellular and nuclear membranes • Binds with receptors in the nucleus to activate the hormone-receptor complex, that activates certain sequences of DNA.

  6. Hormone Action (cont.) • Nonsteroid hormones • Polar substances • Make use of second messengers to relay message • Most common is cAMP. • Hormone → G-protein→ Adenylatecyclase → cAMP • cAMP activates protein kinases within the cytoplasm

  7. Control Sources • General method used is negative feedback • Although, oxytocin uses positive feedback • Three methods of signaling hormone release: • Tropic Hormones from the pituitary and hypothalamus • Direct stimulation of the gland by the nervous system • Direct response to the surrounding conditions

  8. Pituitary Gland • Attached to the base of the hypothalamus • Anterior: • Stimulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus • Hormones released include: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, prolactin, LH • Posterior: • Stimulated by direct nervous pathways from the hypothalamus • Hormones released include: ADH and oxytocin

  9. Thyroid Gland • Located at the base of the throat • Stimulated by both TSH (T3 and T4) and the surrounding environment (calcitonin). • Regulates metabolism • Hormones secreted: T3, T4, calcitonin

  10. Parathyroid Gland • Located within the thyroid in patches • Stimulates osteoclasts • Hormones secreted: PTH • PTH is released with low blood calcium levels • Releases calcium from bones into the blood stream • Antagonist to calcitonin

  11. Adrenal Glands • Located on top of the kidneys • Cortex • Outer layer of Adrenal glands • Stimulated by ACTH • Reacts to long-term stress • Releases glucose into the blood stream over time • Hormones released: aldosterone, cortisol • Aldosterone acts in the renin-angiotensin system • Medulla • Inner section of adrenal glands • Stimulated by direct nervous connection to the brain • Responds to short term stress • Hormones released: epinephrine and norepinephrine

  12. Pancreas • Controls the glucose levels within the bloodstream • Has small groups within called the Islets of Langerhans • Contain two types of secreting cells: • Alpha – releases glucagon • Beta – releases insulin

  13. Pineal Gland • Located in the third ventricle of the brain • Stimulated by the interpretation of light levels outside the body • Regulates the sleep/wake cycle of the body • Hormones released: Melatonin

  14. Thymus • Posterior to the sternum and above the heart • Largest in infants • Regulates the development of white blood cells, and facilitates the growth of T-cells. • Release hormones called thymosins.

  15. Gonads • Ovaries • Stimulated by LH and FSH • Produces estrogen, progesterone • Testes • Produces testosterone

  16. It sucks to get old  • Hormone levels decrease with age • GH production decreases dramatically • Menopause is caused by lack of efficiency of the ovaries • Blood glucose regulation becomes very inefficient.

  17. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland • Hyperthyroid • Graves Disease: Low TSH level and high Thyroxin level, autoimmune, • Symptoms: irritation, bulging eyes (exophthalmia), feel warm • Hypothyroid • Cretinism: developmental problems in infants, mental retardation • Goiters: lack of iodine in food supply, huge thyroid gland

  18. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex • Cushing Syndrome: too much ACTH • Gain weight, moon face, thinning of hair, weakness of limbs • Addison’s Disease: not enough ACTH, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, elevated red blood cell count,

  19. Diseases of PancreasIslets • Diabetes I: inability to produce insulin, autoimmune disorder in which immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells • Diabetes II: Excessive weight gain, cells lose the ability to respond to insulin because receptors are blocked

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