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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Water and Erosion. Section 13.1 Water cycle – continuous movement of water from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface and back to atmosphere Also called hydrologic cycle. Steps involved in water cycle: Evaporation – liquid water changes to vapor

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Water and Erosion

  2. Section 13.1 • Water cycle – continuous movement of water from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface and back to atmosphere • Also called hydrologic cycle

  3. Steps involved in water cycle: • Evaporation – liquid water changes to vapor • Transpiration – plants giving off water vapor • Evaopotranspiration – evaporation and transpiration combined • Condensation – water vapor rising into atmosphere • Precipitation – water falls from clouds to earth as rain, sleet, snow, hail

  4. Water Cycle - Important to Ecosystem Balance

  5. The continuous water cycle is what gives the earth’s its water budget • Precipitation is the income • Its balanced because the amount of precipitation = the amount of evapotranspiration and runoff • Factors that affect it are vegetation, rainfall, wind, amount/duration runoff

  6. Section 13.2 river systems • River system is made up of a main stream and feeder streams, called tributaries • Land from which water runs off into these streams is called a watershed • In Virginia there are 13 watersheds – these watersheds drain to the Chesapeake Bay, North Carolina Sounds and Gulf of Mexico

  7. Streams transport soil, loose rock fragments, and dissolved minerals – stream load • 3 forms of stream load • Solution – material that is removed from bedrock • Suspension – suspended material such as sand, silt, clay – looks muddy • Bed load – sediment moving along stream bed or base – pebbles/boulders

  8. The discharge and velocity of a stream, as well as its load, affects how a stream cuts and widens its channel • Discharge is the volume of water moved by a stream in a given time • Faster the stream, higher discharge and larger load – erodes faster, • Slower streams, lower discharge and smaller load

  9. Rivers develop from a youthful stage to an old – age stage • Youthful rivers – erodes its beds more rapidly • Produces V-shaped valleys with steep sides • Waterfalls and rapids common • Few tributaries

  10. Mature streams • Well-established tributaries • Drains watershed effectively • Erosion occurs along the valley walls • Not many waterfalls and rapids • Meanders and oxbow lakes – water in abandoned meander • Old Rivers • Lower gradient, slower than mature river • Deposits sediments on land instead of eroding, flood plain formed

  11. Stream erosion • Potholes – created by sand, pebbles and small boulders swirling around in whirl pools, erodes out rock and makes hole • Waterfalls – created when rock is undermined by stream current

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