Wireless Solutions for Smart Grid deployments Alok Sharma, Aviat Networks

1. Wireless Solutions for Smart Grid deployments Alok Sharma, Aviat Networks

2. Agenda • Introduction • Smart Grid Communication Tiers & Design Goals • Microwave (PTP) Backhaul • Bridging Tier 1 and Tier 2 Communication Layers • Tier 2 (PMP) Communication Layer • Requirements & Technology Choice • Tier 3 Communication Layer • TV Whitespace • Self Organizing Networks (SON) • Managing network complexity • Closing Remarks

3. Smart Grid Communication Tiers Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 4 Tier 3 Fiber or Microwave/High Bandwidth RF/Med Bandwidth HAN RF/Low Bandwidth Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010

4. Communications – Design Goals • Security • Aligned with industry best practices (FIPS 140-2 compliant or certified) • Converged Communications • Converged communications infrastructure with logical isolation of services (tunneling) • Interoperable • Utilize industry standard open (IP) protocols • Privately Owned Communications • Enable governance and control over all aspects of the technology • No Unanalyzed Single Points of Failure(Self Healing) • No unanalyzed single points of failure • Failure modes and backup schemes to form a “self healing” architecture • Maintenance, Management & Monitoring • Maintain, monitor and control network devices. Focus of the talk Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010

5. Microwave (PTP) BackhaulBridging Tier 1 and Tier 2 Communication Layers

6. Smart Grid Places Demands on Legacy Microwave Systems • Many new IP endpoints • Support converged MPLS transport network • Security (authentication, intrusion detection, encryption etc.) • QoSRequirements: traffic under emergency situations • New remote sites and coverage areas • Overall capacity demands TDM-based Microwave Systems Need Upgradingfor Smart Grid What are the options? Critical to put foundation in place to build smart grid upon

7. Landscape: Network Migration Plans and Today’s Microwave Systems All TDM Today Network migration path TDM IP Region of Effectiveness Region of Effectiveness • TDM ONLY Radio • Legacy systems • Optimized for TDM • Not designed for IP –poor packet efficiency • IP ONLY Radios • Built to carry IP • Typically no native TDM (forces use of yet to be fully tested Pseudo wire) • HYBRID Radio • Native TDM, Native IP transport for effective migration to IP

8. Hybrid Microwave Radio FlexibleBandwidthAllocation HYBRID Microwave Radio Enables Seamless Migration from TDM to ALL-IP Future Hybrid simultaneouslyenables: • TDM • IP • Emulated TDM over IP OR any combination of the three Native TDM Native IP PWE HYBRID Radio Integrated Pseudowire HYBRID Microwave Radios combine traditional microwave requirements with new IP features – all in a single platform TDM IP/Ethernet

9. Tier 2 (PMP) Communication LayerRequirements & Technology Choice

10. Tier 2 Communication Layer - Requirements • Tier 2 communication layer is Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) network that bridges Field Area Network (FAN) to the backbone network. • Key Requirements: • Wireless (economics & ease of installation) • IP based (Open Standards) • Broadband (High Spectral Efficiency – OFDMA, MIMO, Beam Forming) • Mobility/Portability (workforce automation) • 2 leading technology choices • WiMAX • LTE (and 3G) Question: Which technology to select for Smart Grid?

11. Tier 2 Communication Layer – Technology Choice 3G & LTE Evolution • LTEinfrastructure includes legacy support for: • GSM, GPRS, EDGE, EGPRS, IS95, CDMA 1xRTT, CDMA 1xEVDO, WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, IMS, LTE R8, R9, R10 • Legacy support adds tremendously to LTE infrastructure & device complexity leading to significantly higher CapEx & OpEx • WiMAX is purpose built for 4G Mobile Broadband and does NOT have any legacy issues. • WiMAX infrastructure and devices have significantly lower CapEx & OpEx WiMAXis the recommended technology choice

12. Tier 3 Communication LayerTV Whitespace

14. What is TV Whitespace? White space Source: C. R. Stevenson, G. Chouinard, W. Caldwell:“Recommended Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems,” IEEE802, San Diego, CA, 7/17/06

15. IEEE 802.22 – TV Whitespace Standard • Sub-GHz frequency band with excellent propagation characteristics • 100x reach of WiFi (30km vs. 300m) • Ideal for AMI and Sensor data collection • Simple & Predictable Single Hop Tier 3 layer vs. Complex and Unpredictable Mesh architectures (Source: IEEE) • Technically, similar to WiMAX • Interference mitigation via co-ordination with FCC database & spectrum sensing

16. TV Band White Spaces • Very little channel overlap between neighboring metro areas • Lots of white space in between licensed channels

17. TVWS Bandwidth Available Source: Free Press and New American Foundation 17

18. Self Organizing Networks (SON)Managing network complexity

19. Future Wireless Networks: New H-RAN Architecture MACRO: Solving initialcoverage issue; Existing networks 10x Lower COST/Mb PICO:Solving street, home and enterprise coverage & capacity issues Results 10x CAPACITY Improvement Near 100%COVERAGE FEMTO: solving home andenterprise coverage & capacity issues Hierarchical RAN (H-RAN) = macro overlay + clusters of small cells

20. Lots of configuration parameters Pico/Femto cells bringcompletely new dynamics into the wireless network deployments 3G and 4G technologies have more than 100 parameters each to be configured just for the RF: Some of them arevendor specific Some of them areproject specific

21. Adding new site to the 3G/4G network • 5M Pico base stations in 2015: • 37.5M Man Days = ~103k Man Years • Challenges: • OpEx – 103k engineers@$100k = ~$11B +network planning tools + maps • Skilled Engineers – where to get 103k skilledengineers? • Networks Dynamics – add 5M base stations a year If nothing changes – additional OpEx of >$11B Source: ABI Research

22. SON Functionality

23. Example 1: Congestion avoidance In wireless access total available link budget/capacity changes dynamically: • Link quality of the existing MS changes • New MS joins the Base station Total possible throughput depends on the link quality->modulation used by each and every MS Two parameters are constantly monitored: • Air interface utilization Uair • Relative committed traffic rate Rrel

24. Example 1: Congestion avoidance (cont.) All the parameters areconstantly monitored When utilization crosses the trigger line one of the following actions is executed: • Neighbor lists of the neighbors arechanged • Network initiated HO is initiated

25. Example 2: Power savings - GreenSON Utilizing mobile station behavior statistics, Base stations can be dynamically reconfigured (time of day, day of week) to reduce the total network power consumption

26. Closing Remarks

27. Security: What is important? Source: WSJ, NY Times, eWeek Stuxnet virus defeated all the typical defenses (digital certificates, firewall signature analysis …) defined by IEEE, 3GPP & FIPS specifications and deployed across current networks. As electric grid becomes an extension of internet through Smart Grid initiatives, grid infrastructure security will become a paramount issue. For further information, please read “Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It” by Richard Clarke & Robert Knake.

28. Thank You!