The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation Chapter 17 Sections 3 & 4

2. Causes of the Reformation • Renaissance ideas (humanism, glorification of the individual) • The Catholic Church after the Middle Ages was weaker (plague, political control) • Printing press (allowed information to spread faster, allowed lay people to read the Bible for themselves)

3. Northern Renaissance(Christian) Humanism • Taken from Italian Renaissance humanism’s study of the classics • Goal was to reform Christendom • Desiderius Erasmus • Studied original Christian texts • Handbook of the Christian Knight – Christianity should show how to live, not be rules to get saved • Praise of Folly (1511) – criticized popes

4. Corruption of the Church • Renaissance Popes (1450 – 1520) • Worried about Italian politics (Papal States) • Financial problems (buying art) • Pluralism • Absenteeism • Indulgences • Selling salvation to raise revenue • People wanted a more meaningful religious experience

5. Martin Luther • Born in Germany (Nov. 10, 1483) • Studied law until deciding to become a monk • Never felt that God would accept him • Studied the Bible • Came to a new idea – justification by faith • Salvation was not through good works, but through faith

6. Martin Luther vs. the Church • Selling of indulgences angered Luther • Pope Leo X was trying to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica • Johann Tetzel was the local bishop in Wittenberg • Ninety-Five Theses (October 31, 1517) • Wittenberg, Germany • Attack on the church and the sell of indulgences • Printed copies spread throughout Germany

8. Luther vs. the Holy Roman Empire • Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther in Jan. 1521 • Diet of Worms (1521) • Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) – orders Luther to recant (take back) • Luther refuses • Edict of Worms • No one in the empire is allowed to give food or shelter to Luther • All of his books were to be burned • Frederick the Wise of Saxony gives Luther protection • 1522 – Luther returns from exile and finds that he has gained followers

10. Lutheranism • The Lutheran Faith developed as a new Christian Church • Translated New Testament into German • Salvation through faith alone (not through the church) • Bible is only source of religious truth • Peasants’ Revolt (1524) • Peasants demand an end to serfdom (inspired by Christian reformers like Luther) • Luther sided with the princes to keep peace • Luther loses support of many peasants • German religious wars • Some princes sign an agreement with Charles V to fight against the Lutherans • Some princes sign an agreement to fight Charles V & the Catholic Church (Protestants = protested the church, get it) • Peace of Augsburg (1555) • Each German prince would decide the religion of their area

11. English Religious Reform • Henry VIII – wanted a male heir • Catherine of Aragon – daughter Mary • Nephew was Charles V of HRE • Asked pope for a divorce, pope denied • Henry turns to Parliament for help • Act of Supremacy (1534) – King became head of English church, not the pope • New Church called the Church of England or Anglican Church • Church keeps most Catholic traditions

12. English Religious Reform • Henry’s Wives • 6 wives = 1 son • Check out the timeline on pages 492 – 493 • Edward VI • Sickly, dies in his teens • Protestant reforms put in changes to the Anglican Church • Mary (“Bloody Mary”) • Returned England to a Catholic a nation • Burned Protestants at the stake • Elizabeth I • Protestant who re-established the Anglican Church • Puritans – “purify” the English church • You may have heard of these guys, many moved to America!

13. Swiss Reforms (Zwinglianism) • Huldrych Zwingli (1484 – 1531) • Like Lutheranism – salvation through faith alone • Different • Wanted a theocracy (church city-state) in Zurich • Zwingli’s forces defeated by Catholics

14. Swiss Reforms (Calvinism) • John Calvin • Born in France in 1509 • Studied theology, law, and humanism • Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination – belief that God is all powerful and predestined those who were saved • Geneva – began to reform as a theocracy • Calvinism Spreads • John Knox – spreads ideas to Scotland (Presbyterians) • Huguenots in France • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

15. Anabaptists • Did not want states to have power over religion • Favored by middle and lower class • Adult baptism, all members equal • Separation of church and state • Would not hold political office or fight in the army • Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants • Forerunners of Mennonites and the Amish • Influenced the Quakers and Baptists

16. Catholic Reformation • Ignatius of Loyola’s teachings become the foundation of the Society of Jesus • Followers called Jesuits • 3 Goals • Create schools to teach classical studies and religion (Georgetown & Loyola in America) • Missions to spread Catholicism (missionaries sent around the world) • Stop the spread of Protestantism

17. Catholic Reformation • Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) • Re-affirmed traditional Catholic beliefs • Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final • Need faith and good works for salvation • Bible and Church were equally powerful authorities • False selling of indulgences was banned • Pope Paul IV – has forbidden books burned

18. Effects of the Reformation • Religious • New denominations and churches flourish • Catholics Church becomes more centralized • Political • Decrease of church power leads to the formation of the modern nation-states • Social • Questioning of the church leads to the Enlightenment