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بسم الله الحمن الرحيم

بسم الله الحمن الرحيم. Biodiesel From Edible & Inedible Oils ( 2 nd Biofuel Generation ) Presented by Prof. Dr. Abdel- Rahman Saleh Ferwanah Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Al- Azhar University-Gaza 2010. 1-Edible Oils such as:. Palm oil Coconut Oil Babassu Oil

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بسم الله الحمن الرحيم

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  1. بسم الله الحمن الرحيم Biodiesel From Edible & Inedible Oils ( 2nd Biofuel Generation ) Presented by Prof. Dr. Abdel-RahmanSalehFerwanah Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University-Gaza 2010

  2. 1-Edible Oils such as: • Palm oil • Coconut Oil • Babassu Oil • Rapeseed Oil • Soybeans Oils • Sunflower Oil • Cotton Seed Oil 2-Inedible Oils such as: • Jatropha Oil • Camelina Oil • Algae Oil

  3. Palm Oil Plantation

  4. Palm Oil Trees & Seeds

  5. Palm Oil & Oil Block Palm oil block showing the lighter colour that results from boiling Palm oil from Ghana with its natural dark colour visible, 2 litres

  6. Coconut Trees & Fruits

  7. BabassuTrees & Fruits

  8. Rapeseed Plant, Plantation & Seeds

  9. Soybeans Plant, Plntation & Seeds

  10. Jatropha Trees & Seeds Oasis in the desert: Jatropha cultivation can halt soil erosion, increase water storage in the soil and transform barren expanses into lush, productive land. D.Fairless ,Nature 2007 , 449,652-655

  11. Pushpito Ghosh tops up a vehicle that has covered 48,000 kilometres powered only by jatropha biodiesel. D.Fairless ,Nature 2007 , 449,652-655

  12. Jatropha Trees & Seeds

  13. Drip Irrigation of Jatropha

  14. The cogent reasons for cultivation of Jatropha • Grow even on marginal/saline/acidic/alkaline soils and slopy lands. • Develop without much care and irrigation. • Suit even dry-land farming and survive drought. • Provide live hedge for farms to arrest the menace of stray cattle. • Generate rural employment for cultivation, seed collection and processing. • Need hardly any application of pesticide. • Generate net income for 35-40 • Improve soil fertility throughout their life-cycle. • Provide fuel wood after 50 years’ life-span. • Possess medicinal as well as other multiple uses. • Create green cover for long term ecological benefits. • Enhance energy security for the country (biodiesel)

  15. Camelina Plant, Plantation & Seeds

  16. Algae Ponds & Photosynthetic Reactors Natural Algae Pond

  17. Artificial Algae Ponds Algal fuel growing in open ponds in Israel

  18. AlgaePhotosynthetic Reactors

  19. Algae Commercial Production GreenFuel's high yield algae farms recycle carbon dioxide from flue gases to produce biofuels and feed, reducing net carbon dioxide production as waste becomes profit. Harvesting algae for biofuels enhances domestic fuel production while mitigating CO2. Why expensively sequester CO2 when it can be profitably recycled

  20. Glycerides Triglycerides Triglycerides 1,3-diglyceride 1-monoglyceride Oleic Acid Glycerol A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005

  21. A chart showing various feedstocks and their potential oil yield per acre. (note: g/m2/day is the harvest rate of the algae and % TAG is the percentage of triglycerides ) N. Hodge,Scientific Psychic, 2005

  22. Common Fatty Acids A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005

  23. Fatty acid composition of some common edible fats & oils A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005

  24. Transesterfication Vegetable Oils U.Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 1998, 9(1), 199-210

  25. Mechanism of the base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils U.Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 1998, 9(1), 199-210

  26. Processing of Vegetable Oils Using Ultrasound • Hielscher ultrasonic technology • The following sonochemical effects can be observed in chemical reactions and processes: • increase in reaction speed, • increase in reaction output. • more efficient energy usage. • switching of reaction pathway, • performance improvement of PTC. • avoidance of phase transfer catalysts. • use of crude or technical reagents. • activation of metals and solids. • increase in the reactivity of reagents or catalysts. Ultrasonic Reactor

  27. Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication

  28. Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication (continuous processing)

  29. Biodiesel Powered Commercial Jet Flights

  30. Virgin Airlines: First Biodiesel Test Flight Feb. 25, 2008 Virgin Atlantic flew for 40 min. Boeing 747-400 from London to Amsterdam with one engine partially powered by palm oil (20% Coconut & Babassu) oils, & 80% regular jet fuel (kerocene). Autopia from wired .com

  31. Green Gold in Shrub Dece. 30, 2008 Air New Zealand, Boeing 747-400 burned a 50-50 blend of regular jet fuel and a bio-version made of jatropha -and the first jet to use biofuel refined from a non-food crop. SciAm.com

  32. U.S. Biofuel Flight Relies on Weeds and Pond Scum Jan. 07/2009 Continental jet 516-a two engiene Boing 737-800 took off today in Houston with one of its two engines powered by a 50-50 blend of jet biofuel (Jatphora & Algae) and petroleum-based kerosene completed two hours test flight. SciAm.com

  33. JAL Flight Brings Aviation One Step Closer to Using Biofuel Jan. 30, 2009, Japan Airlines demonstated successful biodiesel test flight using mainly camelina . JAL jet 747-300 used in the test flight 50% blend biodfuel and jet fuel A . It was also the first demo flight using acombinaion of three sustainable biofuels made of (84% camelina, 16% jatropha and less than 1% algae). JCN: Japan Cooperate News

  34. Acknowledgment • I would like to thank: • 1. Dr. Hany Farwanah for sending viae- mail over 30 research papers. • 2. Dr. Mohammed Ferwanah for typingand organizing this lecture.

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