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I. Prelude II. World War I III. The Allied Peace Settlement IV. Economic Disasters V. Politics in the Democracies VI. Th

I. Prelude II. World War I III. The Allied Peace Settlement IV. Economic Disasters V. Politics in the Democracies VI. The Western Tradition in Transition. I. Prelude A. The Balkan Crises Russia v. Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina 1912, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria v. Turks

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I. Prelude II. World War I III. The Allied Peace Settlement IV. Economic Disasters V. Politics in the Democracies VI. Th

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  1. I. Prelude II. World War I III. The Allied Peace Settlement IV. Economic Disasters V. Politics in the Democracies VI. The Western Tradition in Transition Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

  2. I. Prelude A. The Balkan Crises • Russia v. Austria • Bosnia and Herzegovina • 1912, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria v. Turks • First Balkan War, 1912 • 1913, Treaty of London • creation of Albania • Second Balkan War, 1913 • Serbs v. Bulgarians

  3. I. Prelude • B. Assassination at Sarajevo • June 28, 1914 • Archduke Francis Ferdinand • Gavrilo Princip • Austrians mobilize • C. The Inevitable War • Russians mobilize, July 30 • Germany • von Schlieffen plan • 1914, Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey

  4. II. Total War • 27 countries • A. 1914-1916 • September, 1914, First Battle of The Marne • > war of attrition • 1915, Dardanelles • Gallipoli • B. Stalemate • Verdun • Somme • Germans: 550,000 casualties • British, French: 650,000 • Jutland (5/31-6/1/16) • C. The Home Front • rationing

  5. II. Total War • D. The Home Front • Rationing • Propaganda • E. United States • 1914, Americans neutral • German submarines v. British blockade • Lusitania • > 1917, America enters • F. Germany’s Last Drive • 1917 — Eastern Front collapses • > 1918, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russia and Germany • July, 1918, Friedensturm • Field Marshall Foch • October, 1918, Kaiser abdicates • November 11, Compiègne

  6. III. The Allied Peace Settlement • Germany, Weimar Republic • A. Idealism and Realities • France, Georges Clemenceau, Premier • Britain, David Lloyd George, Prime Minister • Italy, Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister • U.S., Woodrow Wilson, President • Fourteen Points, January, 1918 • James Balfour, Great Britain • November, 1917 • Israel, Palestine • B. League of Nations • April, 1919 • World Court • International Labor Organization

  7. (D. Treaties) • Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 • Turkey • Treaty of Trianon, 1920 • Hungary • Treaty of Neuilly, 1919 • Bulgaria • E. Costs of the War • Losses • Russians, 2-3 million • Germans, c. 2 million • French, 1.5 million • English, 1 million • Austro-Hungarians, 1.2 million • Turks, 325,000 • III. The Allied Peace Settlement • C. Settlements • Saar Basin • Mandates • Treaty of Versailles • Germany and Russia excluded • Germany responsible • reparations • $32.5 billion • D. Treaties • Treaty of St. Germain, 1919 • Austria • Czechs, Poles, Slavs • no anschluss • Treaty of Sèvres, 1920 • Ottoman Empire divided • Mustafa Kemal

  8. D. Consequences • autarky • Dawes Plan, 1924 • Young Plan, 1929 • E. The Great Crash • October 29, 1929 • F. World Depression • > protective tariffs • devaluation • IV. Economic Disasters • A. The Debt Problem • U.S. • 1914, debtor, $3.75 billion • 1919, creditor, $10 billion • B. Weimar Germany • 1914, 4.2 Marks/Dollar • 1922, 4000 • 1923, 4.2 trillion • 1922, Germany defaults • C. Inflation • Franc, 1/10 • Austria, prices up 14,000 times • Hungary, 23,000 • Russia, 4 billion times

  9. V. Politics in the Democracies • A. Western Society • Cinema • Automobiles • Ford, Model T • Franz Kafka (1883-1924) • The Metamorphosis • The Trial • Thomas Mann (1875-1955) • Magic Mountain • Oswald Spengler • Decline of the West

  10. V. Politics in the Democracies • B. Britain, 1919-39 • David Lloyd George, 1919-22 • Ramsay MacDonald, Labour • Prime Minister, 1924 • Zinoviev letter, 1924 • > conservatives, Baldwin • 1924-29, Baldwin • Irish Free State, 1921 • Statute of Westminster, 1931 • Dominions of Canada, Australia • New Zealand, South Africa • C. Interwar France • Maginot mentality, 1930s • 1936 — Popular Front • Léon Blum (1872-1950)

  11. V. Politics in the Democracies • D. Eastern Europe • Czechoslovakia • 1918 • Poland • Marshal Josef Pilsudski • from 1926-35 • 1935 — to fascism • Baltic States, 1918 • Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia • E. Portugal and Spain • Portugal • Antonio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) • Minister of Finance, 1928 • > recovery • Spain • 1931, king abdicates • 1936, Franciso Franco

  12. V. Politics in the Democracies • F. The United States • 1928, Herbert Hoover • 1932, Franklin Roosevelt • New Deal • G. Interwar Latin America • Good Neighbor Policy, from 1933

  13. (B. Modernism) • Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) 12-tone system • C. New Directions in the Arts • Pablo Picasso (1881-1974) Cubism Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907Guernica • Henri Matisse (1869-1954) • Georgio de Chirico (1888-1978) • René Magritte (1898-1967) • Salvador Dalí (1904-89) • Man Ray (1890-1976) • Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) • Architecture - • International style • VI. The Western Tradition in Transition • A. Science and Society • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • conditioned reflexes • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • psychoanalysis • Albert Einstein (1879-1955) • 1905 — photons • 1906 — Relativity theory • Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) • 1911 — nucleus • B. Modernism • Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-98) • Paul Verlaine (1844-96) • Claude Debussy (1862-1918) Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun • Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)

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