Integumentary System - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Integumentary System

CHAPTER 5

• Skin
• Integument or cutaneous membrane
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous layer
• Accessory structures
• Hair
• Nails
• Glands

• Abrasion
• Scraping or rubbing away of skin or mucous membrane as a result of friction to the area
• Example: carpet burn
• Abscess
• Localized collection of pus in any body part that results from invasion of pus-forming bacteria
• Example: pustule = small abscess

• Bedsore
• Ulcer in skin over a bony prominence
• Also known as pressure ulcer
• Example: decubitus ulcer
• Blister
• Small, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid
• Also known as a vesicle

• Bulla
• Large blister
• Carbuncle
• Circumscribed inflammation of skin and deeper tissues; contains pus
• Comedo
• Typical lesion of acne vulgaris
• Example: whitehead = closed comedo
• Example: blackhead = open comedo

• Cyst
• Closed sac or pouch in or within the skin; contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material
• Example: hydrocele = fluid-filled cyst
• Example: sebaceous cyst = solid-filled cyst

• Fissure
• Cracklike sore or groove in the skin or mucous membrane
• Example: anal fissure
• Fistula
• Abnormal passageway between two tubular organs; or from an organ to the body surface
• Example: recto-vaginal fistula

• Hives
• Circumscribed, slightly elevated lesions on skin; paler in center than surrounding edges
• Also called wheals
• Example: mosquito bite
• Laceration
• Tear in skin; torn, jagged wound

• Macule
• Small flat, discoloration of the skin; neither raised nor depressed
• Example: bruises, freckles
• Nodule
• Small, circumscribed swelling protruding above the skin

• Papule
• Small, solid, circumscribed elevation on the skin
• Example: pimple, wart, elevated mole
• Polyp
• Small, stalklike growth, protruding upward or outward from membrane surface
• Example: nasal polyp

• Pustule
• Small elevation of skin filled with pus
• Example: small abscess on the skin
• Scales
• Thin flakes of hardened epithelium that are shed from the epidermis
• Ulcer
• Circumscribed, open sore or lesion of skin, accompanied by inflammation
• Example: decubitus ulcer

• Vesicle
• Small, thin-walled, lesion containing clear fluid
• Example: blister
• Wheal
• Circumscribed, slightly elevated lesion of the skin
• Paler in center than surrounding edges
• Example: hives

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Integumentary System

• Pronounced
• (ACK-nee-vul-GAY-ris)
• Defined
• Common inflammatory disorder seen on face, chest, back, and neck
• Appears as papules, pustules, and comedos

• Pronounced
• (AL-bin-izm)
• Defined
• Condition characterized by absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes

• Defined
• Tissue injury produced by flame, heat, chemicals, radiation, electricity, or gases
• Extent of damage determined by:
• Mode and duration of exposure
• Thermal intensity or temperature
• Anatomic site of the burn

• First-degree or superficial burns
• Example: sunburn
• Second-degree or partial-thickness burns
• Example: flash contact with hot objects
• Third-degree or full-thickness burns
• Example: deep burns from a fire

• Pronounced
• (CAL-us)
• Defined
• Common, usually painless thickening of the epidermis at sites of external pressure or friction, such as weight-bearing areas of the feet and on the palmar surface of the hands
• Also known as a callosity

• Pronounced
• (car-sih-NOH-mah BAY-sal sell)
• Defined
• Most common malignant tumor of epithelial tissue, occurring most often on areas of skin that are exposed to the sun
• Presents as a slightly elevated nodule with a depression or ulceration in the center that becomes more obvious as the tumor grows

• Pronounced
• (car-sih-NOH-mah SKWAY-mus sell )
• Defined
• Malignancy of the squamous, or scalelike, cells of the epithelial tissue
• Much faster growing than basal cell carcinoma
• Greater potential for metastasis if not treated

• Frequent sites on sun-exposed areas
• Top of nose
• Forehead
• Margin of external ear
• Back of hands
• Lower lip

• Pronounced
• (der-mah-TYE-tis)
• Defined
• Inflammation of skin, seen in several different forms
• Acute or chronic
• Contact or seborrheic

• Pronounced
• (EK-zeh-mah)
• Defined
• Acute or chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and itching

• Pronounced
• (eks-an-THEM-ah-tus viral diseases)
• Defined
• Skin eruption or rash accompanied by inflammation, having specific diagnostic features of an infectious viral disease

• Examples:
• Rubella= German Measles= 3 day measles
• Roseola Infantum
• Rubeola= Red Measles= 7-10 day measles
• Erythema Infectiosum= Fifth disease

• Pronounced
• (GANG-green)
• Defined
• Tissue death due to loss of adequate blood supply, invasion of bacteria, subsequent decay with foul odor

• Pronounced
• (HER-peez ZOS-ter)
• Defined
• Acute viral infection, characterized by painful, vesicular eruptions on the skin that follow along nerve pathways of underlying spinal or cranial nerves
• Highest incidence in adults over 50

Image courtesy of Robert A. Silverman,

M.D., Pediatric Dermatology,

Georgetown University

• Pronounced
• (Im-peh-TYE-goh)
• Defined
• Contagious superficial skin infection characterized by serous vesicles and pustules filled with millions of staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria
• Usually forming on the face

• Pronounced
• (CAP-oh-seez sar-KOH-ma)
• Defined
• Rare malignant lesions beginning as soft purple-brown nodules or plaques on the feet
• Gradually spreads throughout skin
• Increased incidence in men with AIDS

• Pronounced
• (KEE-loyd)
• Defined
• Enlarged, irregularly shaped, elevated scar that forms due to the presence of large amounts of collagen during formation of a scar

• Pronounced
• (kair-ah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
• Skin condition in which there is a thickening and overgrowth of the cornified epithelium

• Pronounced
• (seb-oh-REE-ik kair-ah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
• Brown or waxy yellow wart-like lesions that are loosely attached to the skin
• Also known as senile warts

• Pronounced
• (ak-TIN-ic kair-ah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
• Premalignant, gray or red-to-brown, hardened lesion caused by excessive exposure to sunlight
• Also known as solar keratosis

• Pronounced
• (loo-koh-PLAY-kee-ah)
• Defined
• White, hard, thickened patches firmly attached to the mucous membrane
• In mouth, vulva, or penis

• Pronounced
• (mah-LIG-nant mel-ah-NOH-mah)
• Defined
• Malignant skin tumor originating from melanocytes in preexisting nevi, freckles, or skin with pigment
• Darkly pigmented tumor with irregular surfaces and borders; variable colors

• Asymmetry
• Borders
• Color
• Diameter

• Pronounced
• (NEV-us)
• Defined
• Visual accumulation of melanocytes, creating a flat or raised rounded macule or papule with definite borders
• Commonly known as a mole

• Pronounced
• (on-ih-koh-krip-TOH-sis)
• Defined
• Ingrown nail
• Most commonly involves the large toe

• Pronounced
• (on-ih-koh-my-KOH-sis)
• Defined
• Fungal infection of the nails

• Pronounced
• (pee-dik-you-LOH-sis)
• Defined
• Highly contagious parasitic infestation caused by blood-sucking lice

• Pediculosis capitis
• Head
• Pediculosis corporis
• Body
• Pediculosis palpebrarum
• Eyelashes and eyelids
• Pediculosis pubis
• Pubic hair

• Pronounced
• (PEM-fih-gus)
• Defined
• Rare, incurable disorder manifested by blisters in the mouth and on the skin
• Spreads to involve large areas of the body

• Pronounced
• (pye-loh-NYE-dal SIST)
• Defined
• Closed sac located in the sacrococcygeal area of the back
• Sometimes noted at birth as a dimple

• Pronounced
• (soh-RYE-ah-sis)
• Defined
• Common, noninfectious, chronic skin disorder manifested by silvery-white scales over round, raised, reddened plaques producing itching
• Pruritus

• Pronounced
• (roh-ZAY-she-ah)
• Defined
• Chronic inflammatory skin disease that mainly affects the skin of the middle third of the face
• Characterized by persistent redness over the areas of the face, nose, and cheeks

• Pronounced
• (SKAY-beez)
• Defined
• Highly contagious parasitic infestation caused by the “human itch mite”
• Resulting in a rash, pruritus, and a feeling in the skin of “something crawling”

• Pronounced
• (sklair-ah-DER-mah)
• Defined
• Gradual thickening of the dermis and swelling of the hands and feet to a state in which the skin is anchored to the underlying tissue

• Pronounced
• (sis-TEM-ic LOO-pus air-ih-them-ah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
• Chronic, multi-system, inflammatory disease characterized by lesions of the nervous system and skin, renal problems, and vasculitis
• Characteristic “Butterfly rash” is often seen on nose and face

• Pronounced
• (TIN-ee-ah)
• Defined
• Chronic fungal infection of the skin
• Characterized by scaling, itching, and sometimes painful lesions

• Tinea capitis
• Scalp
• Tinea corporis
• Body
• Tinea cruris
• Groin
• Tinea pedis
• Foot

• Pronounced
• (ver-ROO-kah)
• Defined
• Benign, circumscribed, elevated skin lesion that results from hypertrophy of the epidermis
• Commonly known as a wart

• Verruca vulgaris
• Common wart on face, elbow, fingers, or hands
• Plantar warts
• Singly or in clusters on the sole of the foot
• Venereal warts
• Transmitted by sexual contact
• Seborrheic warts
• Seen in the elderly on the face, neck, chest, or upper back

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Integumentary System

• Allergy testing
• Various procedures used to identify specific allergens in an individual by exposing the person to a very small quantity of the allergen
• Cautery
• Heat or caustic substances that burn and scar the skin

• Cryosurgery
• Noninvasive treatment that uses subfreezing temperature to freeze and destroy tissue
• Curettage and electrodesiccation
• Scraping away of abnormal tissue, followed by destroying the tumor base with a low-voltage electrode

• Debridement
• Removal of debris, foreign objects, and damaged or necrotic tissue from a wound in order to prevent infection and promote healing
• Dermabrasion
• Removal of the epidermis and a portion of the dermis with sandpaper or brushes in order to eliminate superficial scars of unwanted tattoos

• Dermatoplasty
• Skin transplantation to a body surface damaged by injury or disease
• Electrodesiccation
• Technique using an electrical spark to burn and destroy tissue
• Also known as fulguration

• Electrosurgery
• Removal or destruction of tissue with an electrical current
• Escharotomy
• Incision made into the necrotic tissue resulting from a severe burn

• Liposuction
• Aspiration of fat through a suction cannula or curette to alter the body contours
• Skin biopsy
• Removal of a small piece of tissue from skin lesions for examination under a microscope to confirm or establish a diagnosis

• Skin graft
• Process of placing tissue on a recipient site, taken from a donor site, in order to provide the protective mechanisms of skin to an area unable to regenerate skin
• Wood’s lamp
• Ultraviolet light that is used to examine the scalp and skin for the purpose of observing fungal spores