Enhance Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas

1. Enhance Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas South Sudan

2. Pastoral systems are economically viable but fragile as they manage a fragile environment Managemen t Based on risk management • Compromise between the need of cash and the need of keeping the animal as it represent a productive/reproductive capital to recover after the crisis, contribute to stock building, expresses social status • The basic economic logic is that poorer pastoral households need tobuild herds before more commercially-orientated market engagement becomes feasible. • Thisbehavior does not reflect a fixation with acquiring livestock for reasons of social status only,but, is a rationale economic strategy given the vulnerability context, and the higheconomic returns from livestock relative to other economic opportunities in these areas Spatial management which needs to maintain mobility as best way to utilize resources Accumulation of capital only in livestock assets (increase the risk and diminish it at the same time) Need to maintain a minimum herd size to face future risk and face social obligations Strategic sale to get cash in return to purchase food, services, items, social obligations

3. Pastoral systems are under threat therefore livelihood and food security are under threat too Water scarcity, Insecurity, conflicts, cattle rustling Diminishing natural resources, grazing patterns and corridors progressive land sequestration Insufficient market access and declining terms of trade, commodities price steadily increasing Little investment to enhance pastoral production system and alternative livelihood Erosive impact of livestock diseases Any of the factors undermining pastoral livelihood consequently put at risk the capacity pastoralist have to produce or purchase food .

4. South Sudan, livestock snapshot • 11.7 million cattle, 12.4 million goats and 12.1 million sheep, this amounts to the sixth largest livestock herd in Africa with an asset value roughly estimated at SDG 7 billion. • More than 85% of all households in Southern Sudan are livestock producers/keepers • Estimated number of 950,000 livestock keepers engaged in pastoralism and agro-pastoralism who are considered as the main livestock keepers • In comparison with the relatively low human population this places Southern Sudan as the country with the highest livestock per capita ratio in Africa with a calculated average number of livestock to be 25 per household

5. South Sudan on the edge Sub-Sahara South Sudan Increase herd size to: capitalize (environmental stress increases risk) sell (terms of trade are progressively deteriorating) 10%- 3% 20-40%- 10-15 % 1.5 - 3.5% ?% 7%-14% < 4% Southern Sudan could be losing more than 1 million cattle (both young and mature) and 3 million shoats annually through death, over and above the tolerable levels Annual growth Commercial off-take Mortality Herd size

6. Smaller livestock keepers are less resilient PP Pastoral policies (IGAD -CPF) X % 20-40%- 10-15 % Animal health services Cash transfer ? % 2 - 3 % ? Marketing interventions Y % < 4% Productive infrastructures “”as the recurrence of droughts heightens and pastoralists gradually embrace the cash economy, pastoralists are increasingly availing their animals to markets” Ekuam, CEWARN-IGAD, ISS

7. OLS – FAO \ GREP After • Supervised by multi-disciplinary • teams and be part of a multi- • disciplinary team at cattle camp • trough Cattle camp initiatives of: • One health discipline (OH • platform) and nutrition • Education • Indigenous early warning • system (FEWSNET) • Livestock early warning • system (GL-CRSP*) • Conflict early warning and • monitor system (CEWARN-IGAD**) • Support to cattle rustling prevention • initiatives (IGAD-EAPCCO-ISS – • Mifugo Project***) through LITS. • Community awareness and • monitoring (KAP) • Agents in DRR and DRM Rinderpest eradicated At least 8 diseases to control 2000 trained 400-800 active • Embedded in the Community • Trained for detection • Supported by Cost recovery system • Donor/Agency support • Global-Regional Commitment • Sustainability never addressed • No involvement of the private sector • Huge drop-off • Deployment scheme with higher level professional network established • Spatial distribution rather than quantitative criteria • Engagement of the private sector, veterinary drugs, pharmacies • Extended knowledge toward production, market, IEWS and LEWS Community based animal health workers CBAHWs, South Sudan

8. Programme Focus • Bridging the gap between emergency relief and development assistance, • Establish viable pastoralist and alternative livelihoods*, • Enhancement of livelihoods options to reduce vulnerability and destitution in pastoral regions, • Improving livestock production and marketing, • Improving natural resource management, • Strengthening civil governance and conflict mitigation, • Promoting local, national, regional and international policies beneficial to pastoral areas

9. In considerations regarding alternative sources of income a distinction should be made between: • alternative livelihoods strategies (e.g., exit), • complementary livelihood strategies (e.g., charcoal production, handicrafts)  and • enhanced (livestock-centered) livelihood strategies (i.e. market integration, dairy products).