The Rise of Sovereignty

1. Louis XIV: Absolutism personified The Rise of Sovereignty

3. By the end of the 11th century, and for the following 200 years, kings and powerful lords imposed greater order in their territories. Where these kings succeeded, strong dynastic states emerged. Where the monarchs failed, as they did in the Holy Roman Empire and Italy, no viable states evolved until the 1860’s.

4. Spain • 1469 Ferdinand and Isabella • Reconquista • Purity of Blood • Orthodoxy of Faith/Inquisition • 1492! • 1516 Charles V- height of the Spanish Empire • 1556 Philip II- wars against the Muslims, Dutch and the English bankrupted Spain-squandered all the gold and silver from Spanish America

5. Austria • The Hapsburgs-used marriage, Catholicism and foreign threats to consolidate power • Thirty Years War, Peace of Westphalia, 1618-1648 tightened Hapsburg control over eastern states of HRE and control of Bohemia and Hungary. • War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Austria emerged, along with England, as a major force in European political life

7. Prussia • 1415- Hohenzollern family ruled Brandenburg • 1616 Inherited Prussia as a fief from Polish king; began a dream to unite two provinces… further holdings grew through marriage and inheritance • 1653 – Frederick William - deal with nobles: made serfdom permanent but lost their voice in governing. • Frederick William I: The Soldier-king: No natural boundaries emphasized defensive army • The military class (Junkers) served as the bureaucracy • Frederick the Great (1740-1786) established Prussia as a great power

8. Russia • 1584-1613 “time of troubles” ended with the election of Mikhail Romanov as Czar • 1682-1725 Peter the Great • Copied Prussia's political arrangement guaranteeing serfdom to be permanent • Ignored advice from the aristocracy • Reformed the army in the manner of France • Built a navy- learned ship-building from the Dutch • Declared himself head of Orthodox Church • Built St. Petersburg- “window to the west”

9. Holy Roman Empire • Failed to create a unified state- Emperor (a Hapsburg) was an elected office dependent on the Catholic church and the nobility • Emperors preoccupied with Italy and the Pope • Charles V fought wars against Lutherans, Turks and French as well as his own fiercely independent princes • 1555 Peace of Augsberg granted religious toleration to each ruling family

10. Francis I (1515-1547) concluded an agreement with Pope Leo X (Concordant of Bologna) permitting the king of France to nominate and therefore appoint his choice of Bishops to the French church (the Gallican church.

11. Henry IV (1589-1610) “Paris is well worth a mass”

12. Louis XIV:1638-1715 Reigned: 1643-1715 • The Sun King

13. "The State is the King and I am the King“ - (l'Etat c'est le Roi et le Roi c'est moi)

14. Louis XIII Anne of Austria

15. Cardinal Richelieu, PM 1624 - 1642 • First modern Prime Minister • “raison d'etat” • Broke power of the nobility • Created Intendants • Harrassed Huguenots

16. Cardinal Mazarin, PM1643-1661

17. Le Fronde, 1648-1653

18. The Palace of Versailles

19. The Hall of Mirrors

20. The Nobility

21. Domestic policies • Intendants • Edict of Nantes • Lettres de cachet • The “Old Bargain” • Tax Farmers • Mercantilism

22. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, 1619-1667Economic policy of Mercantilism • Favorable balance of trade • Self-sufficient empire/colonies • Govt subsidies to establish new industries • Abolished internal tariffs/raised external • Forbid exportation of foodstuffs • Built roads and canals • Expanded navy • Created “standards of excellence” of everything French

23. The impact of Louis XIV: • 20% of population died during his reign • Famine and unrest were common • Trade disrupted • Tax system ruined • Treasury bankrupt