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Cell Reproduction

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This resource explores the fundamental differences in cell reproduction between prokaryotes (like bacteria) and eukaryotes (plants and animals). Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission, a simple process that allows for quick replication. In contrast, eukaryotes undergo a more complex mitotic division involving several distinct phases: G1, S, G2, and M phases, resulting in two daughter cells. Key steps in mitosis are highlighted, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, along with cytokinesis, showcasing the efficient and structured nature of eukaryotic cell division.

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Cell Reproduction

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  1. Cell Reproduction • Prokaryotes Bacteria • Eukaryotes Plants & animals

  2. Prokaryotes • Lack a nucleus • Have a single chromosome • Reproduce by binary fission • Include bacteria

  3. Steps in Binary Fission • Used by bacteria • Cells increase their cell mass slightly • DNA & cell components are replicated • Each cell divides into 2 daughter cells

  4. Binary Fission of Bacterial Cell

  5. E. Coli Dividing by Binary Fission

  6. Eukaryotes • Contain a nucleus & membrane bound organelles • Asexually reproduce cells by mitosis

  7. Cell Cycle • Stages in growth & division • G1 Phase • S Phase • G2 Phase • M Phase • Cytokinesis

  8. G1 Phase • First growth stage • Cell increases in size • Cell prepares to copy its DNA

  9. Synthesis Phase • Copying of all of DNA’s instructions • Chromosomes duplicated

  10. G2 Phase • Time between DNA synthesis & mitosis • Cell continues growing • Needed proteins produced

  11. M Phase • Cell growth & protein production stop • Cell’s energy used to make 2 daughter cells • Called mitosis or karyokinesis (nuclear division)

  12. Life Cycle of a Cell Mitosis is a cycle with no beginning or end.

  13. Interphase – Resting Stage • Cells carrying on normal activities • Chromosomes aren’t visible • Cell metabolism is occurring • Occurs before mitosis

  14. Interphase

  15. Stages of Mitosis • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  16. Cells Undergoing Mitosis

  17. Steps in Prophase • DNA coils tightly & becomes visible as chromosomes • Nuclear membrane disappears • Nuceolus disappears • Centrioles migrate to poles • Spindle begins to form

  18. Prophase

  19. Eukaryotic Chromosome

  20. Human Chromosomes

  21. Steps in Metaphase • Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to each chromosome • Cell preparing to separate its chromosomes • Cell aligns its chromosomes in the middle of the cell

  22. Metaphase

  23. Steps in Anaphase • Cell chromosomes are separated • Spindle fibers shorten so chromosomes pulled to ends of cell

  24. Mitotic Spindle

  25. Anaphase

  26. Steps in Telophase • Separation of chromosomes completed • Cell Plate forms (plants) • Cleavage furrow forms(animals) • Nucleus & nucleolus reform • Chromosomes uncoil

  27. Telophase Plant Animal

  28. Cytokinesis • Occurs after chromosomes separate • Forms two, identical daughter cells

  29. Cytokinesis Cell Plate Forming in Plant Cells

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