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HYMENOPTERA (wasps, bees, ants)

HYMENOPTERA (wasps, bees, ants). 500 400 300 200 100 0. Silurian. Devonian. Carboniferous . Permian . Triassic . Jurassic . Cretaceous . Entognatha. Archaeognatha. Hexapoda.

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HYMENOPTERA (wasps, bees, ants)

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  1. HYMENOPTERA (wasps, bees, ants)

  2. 500 400 300 200 100 0 Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Entognatha Archaeognatha Hexapoda Zygentoma Ephemeroptera Insecta Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Pterygota Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea ? Mantophasmatodea Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Neoptera Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Holometabola Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Apterygotes Strepsiptera Trichoptera Paleoptera Lepidoptera Hemimetabolous Holometabolous

  3. So far in classification Exopterygota Head with gula Neuropteroid Orders mandibulate Hymenoptera Diptera 2 Neoptera Wings larvae without legs 4 Mecoptera Head without gula Siphonaptera No wings Mecopteroid orders rostrate - Lepidoptera Wings with scales larvae with legs - Trichoptera Wings with hairs

  4. Beetle head - Ventral Wasp head - Ventral No gula Gula

  5. Hexapod Orders Hymenoptera Hymen - membrane, ptera - wing Number of Species 125,000 (60 – 90% undescribed) Common names Wasps, bees, ants Typical habitats Diverse Distinguishing characteristics -hamulae for wing coupling -ovipositor modified as stinger -constricted ‘waist’ -aposematic colouration Other features

  6. 500 400 300 200 100 0 Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic cretaceous Entognatha Archaeognatha Zygentoma Ephemeroptera Insecta Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Pterygota Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea ? Mantophasmatodea Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Neoptera Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Holometabola Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera

  7. Combination of ancestral and derived traits: Ancestral Derived 1. Mandibulate mouthparts 1. Wing coupling via hamuli 2. Generalized ovipositor 2. Haploid-diploid sex determination

  8. Historical Hymenoptera Egyptian tomb Neolithic cave painting

  9. Importance Pollination

  10. Importance Biological control - Parasitoids

  11. Parasitioids Differences from parasites: 1. Single host organism 2. Host will eventually die (after the lifespan of the parasitoid) 3. Can be larvaphagous or oophagous

  12. Distinguishing Features 1) Mouthparts (ancestral feature)

  13. Distinguishing Features 2) Wing coupling (derived feature) hamulae

  14. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications (derived feature) Narrow “waist”

  15. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications

  16. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications

  17. Distinguishing Features First abdominal segment (propodeum) 3) Abdominal modifications

  18. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers Tergum 9 gonoplac first gonapophysis (lancet) second gonapophysis (stylet)

  19. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers second gonapophysis (stylet) first gonapophysis (lancet)

  20. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers Venom Glands Venom gland Venom reservoir Dufour’s gland

  21. Distinguishing Features 4) Social structure Workers Males (drones) Queen

  22. Distinguishing Features 4) Social structure Comparison with Isoptera Isoptera Hymenoptera Worker is adult Worker is nymph Drone is N Whole colony is 2N Drone is for fertilization only King is part of colony No specialized worker classes Soldier is specialized worker

  23. Distinguishing Features 5) Haplodiploid sex determination Most animals Hymenoptera x x 2N N 2N 2N Worker/Sisters – related by 75% Siblings – related by 50%

  24. Hymenoptera - Classification Vespoidea Symphyta Sphecoidea Formicoidea Ichneumonoidea Apoidea Chalcidoidea Aculeata Parasitica Free living Parasitoids Apocrita No ‘waist’ ‘waist’ Hymenoptera

  25. Hymenoptera - Classification 2 Suborders 1) Symphyta (sawflies) - no ‘waist’ Hymenopteran fossils (Xyelidae) Early Cretaceous

  26. Hymenoptera - Classification 2 Suborders 1) Symphyta (sawflies) - no ‘waist’

  27. Sawfly Damage

  28. Hymenoptera - Classification Vespoidea Symphyta Sphecoidea Formicoidea Ichneumonoidea Apoidea Chalcidoidea Aculeata Parasitica Free living Parasitoids Apocrita No ‘waist’ ‘waist’ Hymenoptera

  29. Hymenoptera - Classification 2 Suborders 2) Apocrita - waist - includes most Hymenoptera Parasitica (piercing forms) Aculeata (stinging forms)

  30. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 1) Formicoidea - ants Formicidae

  31. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 1) Formicoidea - ants Formicidae Carpenter ant Army ants Leafcutter ants

  32. Carpenter ant damage

  33. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 2) Apoidea - bees Bumblebee Honey bee Sweat bee

  34. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 3) Vespoidea - wasps, hornets, yellowjackets Yellowjacket Paperwasp Baldfaced Hornet

  35. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 3) Vespoidea - wasps, hornets, yellowjackets Tarantula hawk - Pepsis

  36. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 3) Vespoidea - Nests Yellowjacket Baldfaced Hornet

  37. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 3) Vespoidea - Nests Paperwasp (Polistes)

  38. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 4) Sphecoidea - digger wasps, mud daubers, potters Digger wasp Potter wasp Mud dauber wasp

  39. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies 4) Sphecoidea - nests Digger wasp Potter wasp Mud dauber wasp

  40. Hymenoptera - Classification Vespoidea Symphyta Sphecoidea Formicoidea Ichneumonoidea Apoidea Chalcidoidea Aculeata Parasitica Free living Parasitoids Apocrita No ‘waist’ ‘waist’ Hymenoptera

  41. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies - Parasitica 5) Chalcidoidea

  42. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies - Parasitica Ichneumonoidea

  43. Hymenoptera - Classification Superfamilies - Parasitica Ichneumonoidea Parasitoids used in biological control Multiple switches to endoparasitoidism Ancestral families -ectoparasitoids on wood boring insects (beetles, caterpillars, wood wasps)

  44. Manipulation of host’s physiology Hymenoepimecis Host – spider - Plesiometa

  45. Manipulation of host’s physiology Wasp temporarily parasitizes the spider and lays egg Wasp larva feeds on spider Web is designed to support wasp cocoon Near end of development – causes spider to spin different web

  46. Manipulation of host’s physiology Endoparasitoids -must overcome host’s immune system Poly-DNA-virus -packaged into nucleocapsids in wasp’s ovaries Poly-DNA-virus - integrated into wasp’s chromosomal DNA & transmitted to offspring Injected into host Virus expresses genes that compromise host’s immune reaction

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