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Digital Divide - Tremendous Challenge for Globalization 20 Years after Maitland Report

Digital Divide - Tremendous Challenge for Globalization 20 Years after Maitland Report. Jaroslaw K. Ponder Strategy and Policy Unit International Telecommunication Union.

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Digital Divide - Tremendous Challenge for Globalization 20 Years after Maitland Report

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  1. Digital Divide - Tremendous Challenge for Globalization20 Years after Maitland Report Jaroslaw K. Ponder Strategy and Policy Unit International Telecommunication Union Presentation prepared for lecture at CBKE - The Research Centre for Legal and Economic Issues of Electronic Communication 6 March 2006, Wroclaw, Poland Note: The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the ITU. Jaroslaw K. Ponder can be contacted at Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  2. Agenda • Globalization and the ICTs • Origins of Digital Divide • Need for Global Action • The World Summit on the Information Society • Implications for Central and Eastern European Countries Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  3. Globalization and the ICTs We all build the global knowledge-based information society! Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  4. Globalization and the ICTs • Globalization, internationalization… • Economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth in international trade, investment and capital flows. • Rapid increase in cross-border social, cultural and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of globalisation • Meaning of ICTs for globalization… • Meaning of the information • Speed of dissemination • Network externalities Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  5. Globalization and the ICTs • Missing link (1985) • The Independent Commission for Worldwide Telecommunications Development published "The Maitland Report" that • Underlined the meaning of the communication technologies for the socio-economic development • Emphasized the fact that the digital divide is growing • Pledges for action • ITU World Development Reports (1995) • WSIS Follow-up (2005) Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  6. Fixed Telecommunication

  7. Fixed Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 1984  Less than 3.0 3.0 – 12.1 12.1 – 23.1 23.1 – 43.1 43.2 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  8. Fixed Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 1994  Less than 3.0 3.0 – 12.1 12.1 – 23.1 23.1 – 43.1 43.2 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  9. Fixed Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 2003  Less than 3.0 3.0 – 12.1 12.1 – 23.1 23.1 – 43.1 43.2 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  10. Progress in Teledensity in 1992 and 2002 Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  11. Mobile Telecommunications

  12. Mobile Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 1984  Less than 6.0 6.0 – 20.0 20.0 – 43.1 43.1 – 79.1 79.1 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  13. Mobile Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 1994  Less than 6.0 6.0 – 20.0 20.0 – 43.1 43.1 – 79.1 79.1 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  14. Mobile Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 2001  Less than 6.0 6.0 – 20.0 20.0 – 43.1 43.1 – 79.1 79.1 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  15. Mobile Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 2002  Less than 6.0 6.0 – 20.0 20.0 – 43.1 43.1 – 79.1 79.1 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  16. Mobile Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 2003  Less than 6.0 6.0 – 20.0 20.0 – 43.1 43.1 – 79.1 79.1 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  17. Mobile Telecommunications Per 100 Inhabitants - 2004  Less than 6.0 6.0 – 20.0 20.0 – 43.1 43.1 – 79.1 79.1 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  18. Fixed and mobile telecommunications Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  19. Internet Users

  20. Internet Users Per 100 Inhabitants - 1994  Less than 1.5 1.5 – 5.3 5.3 – 13.2 13.2 – 34.8 34.8 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  21. Internet Users Per 100 Inhabitants - 1998  Less than 1.5 1.5 – 5.3 5.3 – 13.2 13.2 – 34.8 34.8 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  22. Internet Users Per 100 Inhabitants - 2001  Less than 1.5 1.5 – 5.3 5.3 – 13.2 13.2 – 34.8 34.8 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  23. Internet Users Per 100 Inhabitants - 2004  Less than 1.5 1.5 – 5.3 5.3 – 13.2 13.2 – 34.8 34.8 – more No data Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  24. PCs and Internet Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  25. Does Digital Divide Exists? Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

  26. Need for Global Action We all build the global knowledge-based information society! Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  27. Ongoing changes in the Telecommunication sector • Regulatory reform • Ex-monopolists: Restructurization, Privatization • Markets: Liberalization, Demonopolization, Competition • Institutional framework: Policy, Strategy, Regulation, Regulatory Harmonization • Internationalization: Mergers, Acquisitions • Since early 90s high innovation dynamics • Enhanced R&D spending • Increased number of patents • Growing spending on ICTs Not everywhere!!! Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  28. ICT sector innovation dynamics • Fast growth of Internet users • Expansion of mobile telecommunications • Digitalization and IP migration in telecommunication sector • Changed requirements for the ICT infrastructure • Multimedia • Generalized mobility • Convergence • Integrity • Multi-layer orientation • Open character • Future regulatory environment… Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  29. World Summit on the Information Society Proposed by Tunisia at ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, 1998 Endorsed as UN Summit in 2001 (UNGA Res 56/183) Unique Summit First Summit in two Phases True Multi-Stakeholder Process Numerous Parallel Events Outcome Documents Geneva Declaration of Principles Geneva Plan of Action Tunis Commitment Tunis Agenda for the Information Society Global Initiative: WSIS www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  30. Tunis November 2005 Summit of Solutions 19’401 participants, of which 47 Heads of State/Govt 6’241 representatives of from 606 civil societyorgs 4’816 business representatives from 226 organizations 92 international organizations 979 media representatives from 642 organizations 307 Parallel events from 264 organisers GenevaDecember 2003 Agenda Setting Summit 11’000 participants, of which 41 Heads of State/Govt 3’310representatives of from 481 civil society orgs 514 business representatives from 98 organizations 87 international organizations 1’486 media representatives from 631 organizations More than 300 Parallel events Two Phases www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  31. Geneva Declaration & Tunis Commitment Shared vision and principles of overcoming the Digital Divide and achieving MDGs Affirmed a unified approach to Cyber-security Reiterated Stakeholders Commitment to freedom of expression online Enabling environment (good governance, transparency and pro-competitive policy) Encouraged development of localized content and multilingualism Geneva Plan of Action & Tunis Agenda Build an inclusive, development oriented Information Society Set 11 Action Lines Target of 2015 Set, benchmarks and evaluation processes Financial Mechanisms Internet Governance Implementation and Follow-up WSIS Outcome www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  32. Financial Mechanisms • Financial Mechanisms for meeting the Challenges of ICT for Development • Voluntary Digital Solidarity Fund • Adaptation, improvements & innovations in existing mechanismsto assist ICT for development • IXPsand Interconnectionissues • Development of domestic financial instruments • local microfinance instruments, ICT business incubators, public credit instruments, reverse auction mechanisms, networking initiatives based on local communities, digital solidarity • Mitigation of investment risksand transaction costs • Dept relief www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  33. Internet Governance • Working definitionof Internet Governance • Creation of open, inclusive Internet Governance Forum • Recognized the need for enhanced cooperation • Nation’s Sovereignty regarding ccTLDs addressed • Recognized need for global approach on cyber-security and SPAM issues • More focus on e-business and e-government • Support for alternative software solutions www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  34. Implementation Follow-up • Implementation process • National, regional and international • Multi-stakeholder character • Role of the partnerships • Information Society in numbers • Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development • ICT Opportunity Index • Digital Opportunity Index • The Golden Book • New commitments and initiatives • WSIS Stocktaking • WSIS-related implementation activities and projects • Connect the World www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  35. Implementation Follow-up • Para 90. We reaffirm our commitment to providing equitable access to information and knowledge for all, recognising the role of ICTs for economic growth and development (…) • mainstreaming and aligning national e-strategies… • developing and implementing enabling policies… • building ICT capacity… • implementing effective training and education… • paying special attention to the formulation of universal design conceptsand the use of assistive technologies… • promoting public policies aimed at providing affordable access at all levels… • improving access to the world's health knowledgeand telemedicine services … • building ICT capacities… • using ICTs to improve access to agricultural knowledge … • developing and implementing e-government applications… • supporting educational, scientific, and cultural institutions … • enhancing the capacity of communities … • strengthening the creation of quality e-content … • promoting the use of traditional and new media… • strongly encouraging ICT enterprises and entrepreneurs to develop and use environment-friendly production processes … • incorporating regulatory, self-regulatory, and other effective policies and frameworks to protect children and young people … • promoting the development of advanced research networks … • promoting the use of ICTs to enhance flexible ways of working … • … www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  36. Implementation Follow-up National implementation (Para 100) Regional implementation (Para 101) International implementation (Para 102) 102. At the international level, bearing in mind the importance of the enabling environment: a) Implementation and follow-up of the outcomes of the Geneva and Tunis phases of the Summit should take into account the main themes and action lines in the Summit documents; b) Each UN agency should act according to its mandate and competencies, and pursuant to decisions of their respective governing bodies, and within existing approved resources; c) Implementation and follow-up should include intergovernmental and multi-stakeholder components. www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: T. Kelly (2006)

  37. Implementation Follow-up National implementation (Para 100) Regional implementation (Para 101) International implementation (Para 102) Follow-up and review (Paras 104, 105, 111) Coordination amongUN agencies (Para 103) Multi-stakeholderImplementation (Paras 108-110+ Annex) www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: T. Kelly (2006)

  38. Implementation Follow-up National implementation (Para 100) Regional implementation (Para 101) International implementation (Para 102) Follow-up and review (Paras 104, 105, 111) Coordination amongUN agencies (Para 103) Multi-stakeholderImplementation (Paras 108-110+ Annex) Periodic evaluation, using an agreed methodology (Paras 113-120) www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: T. Kelly (2006)

  39. Implementation Follow-up National implementation (Para 100) Regional implementation (Para 101) International implementation (Para 102) Follow-up and review (Paras 104, 105, 111) Coordination amongUN agencies (Para 103) Multi-stakeholderImplementation (Paras 108-110+ Annex) Focus on action line facilitation/moderation Periodic evaluation, using an agreed methodology (Paras 113-120) www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int Source: T. Kelly (2006)

  40. ImplementationFollow-up Moderators/facilitators for the Action Lines Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  41. Facilitation and Moderation • 24 February 2006 • Moderators/Facilitators Consultation Meeting • 9 March 2006 • Consultation on action line C2: Information and Communication Infrastructure • 15 May 2006 • Consultation on action line C5: Building Confidence and Security in the use of ICTs www.wsis.org Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  42. Building Digital Bridges Opportunity Utilization DOI Infrastructure Digital Opportunity Index 1/3 1/3 www.wsis.org 1/3 Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  43. Digital Opportunity Index percentage of population covered by mobilecellular telephony internet usersper 100 inhabitants ratio of broadband internet subscribers to internet subscribers mobile cellular tariffsas a percentage of per capita income DOI ratio of broadband mobile subscribers to mobile internet subscribers internet access tariffs as a percentage of per capita income proportion of households with a computer Proportion of households with fixed line telephone mobile cellular subscribers per 100 inhabitants mobile internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants proportion of households with Internet accessat home Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  44. Digital Opportunity Index Leaders: Korea, Hong Kong and Japan CEE: High opportunities but low utilization Mobile component and broadband Digital Opportunity Index Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  45. The Golden Book • Origins • Swiss proposal during PrepCom-2 for a “stakeholder commitments paper”, later endorsed by Intergovernmental Bureau of PrepCom. • Content • Sample of commitmentsand new initiatives that has been anounced during the Tunis Phase of WSIS • On 31 January 2006 • 378 commitments > 3.2 Billions Euro Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  46. The Golden Book www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook > 378 commitments € 3.2 billion Amount of financial commitments by stakeholder Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  47. Selected large commitments Governments www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook • China: 'Cun Cun Tong' Project • Village Connected:The overall goal of this project is the realization of universal access to telephone service in the nearly 70,000 villages having no telephone coverage. • Ethiopia: Rural Connectivity Project • The government of Ethiopia has allocated a huge amount of resources from the national budget. As a result of the RCP more than 60 million Ethiopians will have access to telephone, Internet and television services. • Pan African E-Network Project • The network should connect all 53 countries of the African Union to provide effective communication and connectivity among these countries. Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  48. Selected large commitmentsInternational and Regional Organisations www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook • European Union: GEANT2 • The European Union supports a broader policy to ensure the global reach of research and education networks. It includes also the launching of concrete initiatives to support developing regions in the world, in particular the Mediterranean rim, Latin America and Asia via the projects EUMEDconnect, ALICE and TEIN2, respectively. • UN Industrial Development Organisation • ICT support to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in developing countries • World Bank: Africa Regional Initiative • Regional Communications Infrastructure Program in East and Southern Africa is an investment and Technical Assistance (TA) project in support of the liberalization of telecommunication markets in Eastern and Southern African countries and the development of a modern fiber-optic backbone to connect these countries to each other and the rest of the world. Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  49. Selected large commitments Business Sector Entities www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook • CATEL: Rural Area Telecommunications Program • Using state-of-the-art CDMA 3G technology, CATEL plans to expand its network to rural areas in Azerbaijan, so that people across the Country can benefit from the access to ICT for development. • Microsoft: Telecentre.org • Canada’s IDRC, Microsoft Corp and the Swiss SDC announced the launch of telecentre.org, a CAN$21 million collaborative initiative that will strengthen the capacity of tens of thousands of community-based telecentres around the world. • Sentech: Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting in South Africa • Digitisation of the Television Broadcasting infrastructure will enable our systems to seamlessly carry broadcasting, data and voice content efficiently. Digital television broadcasting and, more specifically, digital terrestrial broadcasting, opens up many possibilities for providing universal access on a very broad basis. Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

  50. Selected large commitments Civil Society Entities www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook • Village Phone Replication ManualGrameen Foundation USA • GFUSA is working to spread the successful Village Phone model throughout the developing world with the release of its Village Phone Replication Manual. The manual, which draws from the experiences of Village Phone in both Bangladesh and Uganda, provides a blueprint for bringing affordable, accessible telecommunications service to poor, rural areas through microfinance and for creating demand on infrastructure investment. • ICT for PoorMASTEL, Indonesia • Increasing Internet and telecommunications access for people in rural areas through telecenters, as well as keeping such telecenters self-sufficient. • Community CETEBI Telecenter Model Enlace Quiché, Guatemala • This new model builds on the successful School CETEBI model that began in 2000 and has been implemented in over 30 schools in rural Guatemala. Jaroslaw.Ponder@itu.int

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