Unit 8a & 8B

1. Unit 8a & 8B AP Psychology

2. Motivation • a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior • Instinct • complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned Motivation

3. Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) • Drive-Reduction Theory • the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Motivation

4. Homeostasis • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level • Incentive • a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Motivation

5. begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied • then higher-level safety needs become active • then psychological needs become active Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

6. Glucose • the form of sugar that circulates in the blood • provides the major source of energy for body tissues • when its level is low, we feel hunger Motivation: Hunger The Brain in Our Gut

7. Set Point • the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set • when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight • Basal Metabolic Rate • body’s base rate of energy expenditure Motivation:Hunger

8. The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions Motivation:Hunger Fat: What No One is Telling You

9. Motivation:Hunger

10. Sex • a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values • Sexual Response Cycle • the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson • excitement • plateau • orgasm • resolution Sexual Motivation

11. Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation

12. Sexual Orientation • an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation) Sexual Motivation

13. Flow • a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills • Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology • the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces Motivation:at Work What Motivates Us

14. Personnel Psychology • sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development • Organizational Psychology • sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change Motivation:at Work

15. 360-degree feedback Motivation:at Work

16. Achievement Motivation • a desire for significant accomplishment • for mastery of things, people, or ideas • for attaining a high standard Motivation:at Work

17. Task Leadership • goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals • Social Leadership • group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support Motivation:At Work

18. Theory X • assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money • workers should be directed from above • Theory Y • assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity Motivation:AT WORK

19. Emotion • a response of the whole organism • physiological arousal • expressive behaviors • consciousexperience Emotion

20. Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) • Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli James-Lange Theory of Emotion

21. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) • Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: • physiological responses • subjective experience of emotion Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion

22. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” • To experience emotion one must: • be physically aroused • cognitively label the arousal Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

23. The brain’s shortcut for emotions Cognition and Emotion

24. Positive valence pleasant relaxation joy Low arousal High arousal fear anger sadness Negative valence Two Dimensions of Emotion

25. Polygraph • machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies • measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion • perspiration • cardiovascular • breathing changes Emotion:Lie Detectors

26. Is 70% accuracy good? • Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty • test all employees • 285 will be wrongly accused • What about 95% accuracy? • Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty • test all employees (including 999 innocents) • 50 wrongly declared guilty • 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%) Emotion--Lie Detectors

27. Experienced Emotion

28. Infants’ naturally occurring emotions Experienced Emotion

29. Catharsis • emotional release • catharsis hypothesis • “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon • people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood Experienced Emotion

30. Subjective Well-Being • self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life • used along with measures of objective well-being • physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life Experienced Emotion

31. Adaptation-Level Phenomenon • tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level • brightness of lights • volume of sound • level of income • defined by our prior experience • Relative Deprivation • perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself Experienced Emotion

32. However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise Happiness is...

33. Stress • the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging Stress and Illness

34. Response Appraisal Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Panic, freeze up Stressful event (tough math test) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Aroused, focused Stress Appraisal

35. The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stress resistance Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) • General Adaptation Syndrome • Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages Stress and Illness

36. Behavioral Medicine • interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease • Health Psychology • subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine Stress and Health

37. Catastrophic Events • earthquakes, combat stress, floods • Life Changes • death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion • Daily Hassles • rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout Stressful Life Events

38. Coronary Heart Disease • clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle • leading cause of death in many developed countries Stress and the Heart

39. Type A • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people • Type B • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people Stress and the Heart

40. Psychophysiological Illness • “mind-body” illness • any stress-related physical illness • some forms of hypertension • some headaches • distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease Stress and Disease

41. Heart disease Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Immune suppression Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension) • Negative emotions and health-related consequences Stress and Disease

42. Biofeedback • system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state • blood pressure • muscle tension Promoting Health

43. Life events Personal appraisal Challenge Threat Personality type Easy going Nondepressed Optimistic Hostile Depressed Pessimistic Personal habits Nonsmoking Regular exercise Good nutrition Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition Level of social support Close, enduring Lacking Tendency toward Health Illness

44. Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking) Religious involvement Social support (faith communities, marriage) Better health (less immune system suppression, stress hormones, and suicide) Positive emotions (less stress, anxiety) • The religion factor is mulitidimensional Promoting Health

45. Complementary and Alternative Medicine • unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies Promoting Health