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Exploring Vertebrates: Chordates and Characteristics

Dive into the fascinating world of vertebrates with a focus on chordates, their defining features, and various classes. From the notochord to the diverse vertebrate classes such as Agnathasomes, Chondrichthyes, Amphibia, and more, uncover the evolutionary traits and adaptations that have shaped these animals. Explore the unique characteristics of reptiles with their keratin-containing scales and internal fertilization, birds with their wings and feathers, and mammals with their milk-producing mammary glands. Learn about different mammal types like monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians, as well as the primate order with its distinct traits such as opposable thumbs and complex social structures.

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Exploring Vertebrates: Chordates and Characteristics

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  1. Vertebrates Chapter 34

  2. 4 Chordate Characteristics • 1. Notochord • Long, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord • NOT the spinal cord • 2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord • Formed from ectoderm • 3. Pharyngeal Clefts (Gills) • Pouches along side of pharynx • 4. Post-anal Tail • Do I need to explain this one?

  3. Chordata NOT Vertebrata Classes • Cephalochordata • Lancelets • Urochordata • Tunicates

  4. Vertebrate Classes • Agnathasomes • Fishes • Chondrichthyes • Osteichthyes • Amphibia • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

  5. Vertebrate Classes • Lampreys & Hagfish (Agnathostomes) • Oldest vertebrates • Jawless, parasitic, cartilaginous skeleton

  6. Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) • Cartilaginous skeleton • Sharks & Rays

  7. Osteichthyes • Bony fishes • Bony exoskeleton • Swim Bladder

  8. Amphibia • Frogs and salamanders • Gas exchange occurs across the thin, moist skin • External fertilization & external development in an aquatic environment

  9. Amniotes • Terrestrial tetrapods with terrestrially-adapted egg • Reptiles, Birds (Aves), and Mammals • Amniotic Egg • Adaptation to living on land (especially dry land) • Shell that retains water

  10. Amniotic Egg 4 Extra embryonic Membranes: 1. Amnion – encloses the embryo in fluid sac  Shock absorption  Amniotic fluid Chorion & Allantois– Gas exchange Allantios – disposal sac for metabolic wastes Yolk Sac – contains the yolk (nutrient stockpile)

  11. Reptilia • Turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, & dinosaurs • Keratin-containing scales - Reduce water loss • Lungs for obtaining oxygen • Internal fertilization (cloacal kiss) • Uric Acid – nitrogenous waste • Amniotic egg • Ectothermic – control body temp. through external means

  12. Birds • Wings • Reptilian Characters • Amniotic egg • Leg scales with keratin • Adapted for flight • Light, hollow bones • Few organs • Feathers

  13. Birds (Page 2) • Endothermic • Maintain warm, consistent body temperature • Feathers + fat layer insulate birds • High rate of metabolism • 4-Chambered heart

  14. Mammal Characteristics • Milk • Mammary glands – produce milk • Body covering of fur or Hair • Internal fertilization • Most are born rather than hatched

  15. Mammal Types • Monotremes • Egg-laying mammals • Have hair & produce milk • Marsupials • Born early & complete development in marsupium (pouch) while nursing • Eutherians (Placental mammals) • Long pregnancy period • Development proceeds inside uterus

  16. Primates • Order that contains humans, monkeys, & gorillas • Opposable thumbs • Large brains • Forward-oriented eyes • Intensive child rearing • Complex social structure

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