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Cells and their Organelles!. Objectives. History of a Cell Cell Organelles; Description and Functions Difference between plant and animal cell. History of the Cell. Cells first seen with a simple microscope First cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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Objectives • History of a Cell • Cell Organelles; Description and Functions • Difference between plant and animal cell
History of the Cell • Cells first seen with a simple microscope • First cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • Cell named and described by Robert Hook in 1665
Cell Theory: • 1. Cells are the basic units of life • 2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells • 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
Types of Cells • Prokaryotic Cells lack a true nucleus and internal structures. • Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and internal structures.
Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from the world around it. Functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Flexible and allows cell to change shape. Plasma Membraneaka- Lipid Bilayer
Lipid Bilayer • Cell membranes consist of 2 fatty acids, joined tail to tail. • The phosphate heads are polar and water loving • Lipid tails are nonpolar and water fearing
Cell Wall • Provides support for the cell • Surrounds all Plant Cells • Rigid and allows for little or no movement • Made of cellulose and starch
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • The “Brain” of the cell • Controls all activities and functions • Contains DNA in the form of Chromatin • One of the largest organelles in the cell
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • Surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope that is 4x as thick as any other membrane • Nuclear Envelope is a form of protection
Nucleolus and Nuclear Pores • Allows for RNA and ribosomes to enter and exit the nucleus • Found in the center of the nucleus. • Responsible for making ribosomes
Mitochondria! • Powerhouse of the cell. • Transforms energy for the cell (food molecules are broken down). • Cellular Respiration occurs here. • Highly Folded for more surface area. • Can be several hundred per cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum • Folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell • Production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles • Ex: Tissues inside box
Rough ER Vs. Smooth ER • Rough is coated with ribosomes, smooth isn’t • Rough- site of PROTEIN synthesis • Smooth- site of LIPID synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus • Directs molecular traffic in the cell • Series of closely stacked, flattened membranes sacs
Golgi Apparatus • Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes them to plasma membrane • Has vesicles that act as packages. • Nickname UPS
Vacuoles • Fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane • Temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products • Usually one large vacuole in plants • Several smaller vacuoles in animal cells
Lysosomes • AKA: Suicide Bags • Contain digestive enzymes to digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, invading viruses • Ex: Tadpole and its tail
Ribosomes • Particles where the cell assembles proteins according to the directions of the DNA • Not bound by a membrane- still considered a cell organelle • Made by the nucleolus • Found free floating in the cytoplasm and on Rough ER
Chloroplast • Only found in Plant Cells • Contains Chlorophyll • Photosynthesis occurs here • Each plant cell can have several chloroplast
Cytoskeleton • Made of Microtubules and Microfilaments. (Both made of protein) • Found throughout the cell • Provide shape, support, and structure to the cell
Cytoplasma • The clear like fluid that surrounds inside the cell • Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an animal cell • Chemical reactions occurs here
FLAGELLA • Flagella are usually singular (occasionally there are more) projections found on the outside of the cell. • Primary means of transportation and or movement.
Cillia • Several, hairlike projections that surround the outside of the a cell • Also used for movement and transportation
Plant Cell v/s Animal Cell • All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall • All Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast • All plant cells usually have one large vacuole the can occupy 90% of the cell.