SILC-NET Presents… A National Teleconference & Webinar

1. SILC-NET Presents…A National Teleconference & Webinar Disability Statistics Part 2: Using Statistics about People with Disabilities to Inform the SPIL August 23, 2012 3:00 PM – 4:30 PM EDT Presenters: Andrew Houtenville, Eric Lauer, and Tony Ruiz University of New Hampshire 0

2. SILC-NET Presents…A National Teleconference & Webinar Disability Statistics Part 2: Using Statistics about People with Disabilities to Inform the SPIL August 23, 2012 3:00 PM – 4:30 PM EDT Presenters: Andrew Houtenville, Eric Lauer, and Tony Ruiz University of New Hampshire 1

3. SECTION 6Overview of Major Disability Data Sources

4. Overview of Major Disability Data Sources Current Population Survey (CPS) American Community Survey (ACS) Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

5. Current Population Survey (CPS) • Conducted by the Census Bureau on behalf of the Bureau of Labor Statistics • A survey of (currently) approximately 100,000 households • Basic Monthly Survey (BMS): primary source of employment and labor force statistics in the United States • March CPS (a.k.a., Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), March Supplement, Income Supplement) collects income and demographic information as well as disability data • March CPS is the primary source of poverty and health insurance information • CPS data are used extensively by government agencies, researchers, policy makers, and journalists to evaluate employment, government programs, and the economic well-being of the population in the U.S.

6. CPS: Strengths and Limitations • Strengths • Provides annual national and state level statistics • Long Time Trends (effectively since 1968; work limitation question collected since 1981) • A large set of variables (very detailed income information) • New six question sequence added in 2008. • Limitations • No specific health conditions • Does not address population living in institutions • Does not directly address external factors related to disablement

7. Work Limitation Question • Does anyone in this household have a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do? If yes, who is that? (Anyone else?) • Purpose is to identify people receiving disability-related income. • Work limitation was in part the basis for many government disability programs (SSDI, DI, Workers Compensation).

8. Prevalence of Work Limitation (percentage) (CPS 1981-2011, ages 16-64)

9. Employment Rate for People with Work Limitation(CPS 1981-2011, ages 16-64)

10. Additional Questions since September 2008 (Same as ACS) • Hearing Difficulty: Is this person deaf or does he/she have serious difficulty hearing? (all ages) • Vision Difficulty: Is this person blind or does he/she have serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses? (all ages) • Cognitive Difficulty: Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does this person have serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions? (ages 5 or older)

11. Additional Questions since September 2008 (Same as ACS), cont’d. • Ambulatory Difficulty: Does this person have serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs? (ages 5 or older) • Self-Care Difficulty: Does this person have difficulty dressing or bathing? (ages 5 or older) • Independent Living Difficulty: Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does this person have difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctors office or shopping? (ages 15 or older)

12. Other Topics of Interest • Individual, Family, and Household level data • Extensive Information on Health Insurance • Employment • Industry (at the three digit levels) • Occupation (at the three digit levels) • Annual Wages/Salary • Hours Worked per Week, Weeks Worked per Year • Educational Attainment • Income from multiple sources • Government Program Participation • Poverty Status

13. Accessing Data and Statistics • Raw Data: Public Use Files • http://cps.ipums.org/cps/ • Summary Tables: Census Bureau’s Disability Data web site • http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/disabcps.html • Other Summary Statistics: UNH Web Site • http://www.disabilitycompendium.org/ • Hire consultants

14. Further Information • A Guide to Disability Statistics from the Current Population Survey • By Richard V. Burkhauser and Andrew J. Houtenville • Census Bureau’s Disability Data Web Site • http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/disability.html

15. Questions & Answers

16. American Community Survey • Purpose: To provide national and local level data on demographic, social, economic and housing characteristics • Replacement for Decennial Census Long Form • Annual Survey (2000+) – but change disability definitions in 2004 and 2008. • Pooling together 3 years of data and 5 years of data to get local small area estimates. • Contains a sample of people living in institutions.

17. ACS Questions 2008 and Onward • Hearing Difficulty: Is this person deaf or does he/she have serious difficulty hearing? (all ages) • Vision Difficulty: Is this person blind or does he/she have serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses? (all ages) • Cognitive Difficulty: Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does this person have serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions? (ages 5 or older) • Ambulatory Difficulty: Does this person have serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs? (ages 5 or older) • Self-Care Difficulty: Does this person have difficulty dressing or bathing? (ages 5 or older) • Independent Living Difficulty: Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does this person have difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctors office or shopping? (ages 15 or older)

18. ACS: Strengths and Limitations • Strengths: • Annual data used widely in public policy discussions. • Includes persons living in institutions. • Provides annual at local level statistics • Trend data: collected in a consistent manner over time (change in 2004 and 2008) • Limitations: • No “work limitation” question to identify potential VR and SSDI/SSI participants. • No specific health conditions. • Does not directly address external factors related to disablement • Response error issue (2000-2002) for Go-Outside-Home Disability and Employment Disability

19. Prevalence Rate, by Type of Disability (ACS 2011, ages 18-64)

20. Example of Local Statistics

21. Other Topics of Interest • Individual and Household level data • Employment • Industry (291 industries) • Occupation (565 occupations) • Earnings • Hours Worked per Week, Weeks Worked per Year • Educational Attainment • Housing • Transportation • Income • Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments • Poverty Status

22. Accessing Data and Statistics • Raw Data: Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Files • http://www.factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml (ACS) • Summary Tables: American FactFinder • ACS (and Decennial Census) • http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml • Census Bureau’s Disability Data web site • http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/disabcps.html • Other Summary Statistics: Web Site, http://www.disabilitycompendium.org • Annual Disability Statistics Compendium • Currently Based on 2009-2011 ACS data (state & national level)

23. U.S. Census Bureau’s American Factfinder • Go to U. S. Census Bureau American Factfinder 2 website • http://factfinder2.census.gov/

24. U.S. Census Bureau – American Fact Finder

25. American Fact Finder: Search

26. American Fact Finder: Results

27. Further Information • A Guide to Disability Statistics from the American Community Survey • By Robert R. Weathers II • http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/edicollect/123 • Census Bureau’s Disability Data Web Site • http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/disability.html

28. Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) • Conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. • Collects information on the income and program participation of a nationally representative sample of households and individuals in U.S. • Sample usually consists of about 36,000 households, usually fielded every 3-4 years. • Each new fielding of SIPP is called a “panel,” - each panel includes several re-interviews of the sample conducted every four months, usually over a 36-month period. • Re-interviews allow researchers to track changes over time (i.e., longitudinal analysis).

29. Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), cont’d. • Disability measures. • Each interview asks questions regarding presence of a work limitation. • Disability questions in special topical module included in certain interviews. Include specific health conditions, impairments, functional limitation status: ADLs/IADLs. • Other topics include chronic health history, employment, poverty, medical history/expenditures, federal program participation, use of assistive devices.

30. SIPP Strengths • Source of the 54 million number • Wide variety of disability and health related data. • Re-interviews allow researchers track changes over time (i.e., longitudinal). • Linked files to Social Security Administrative records.

31. SIPP Limitations • Relatively small sample sizes-cannot support state level estimates. • Some measurement issues with the disability questions (Maag and Wittenburg, 2003). • Sample attrition across re-interviews. Some sample members drop out of survey. Sample weights do account for attrition to some extent. • Over the course of SIPP panels, there have been some changes to the structure and placement of disability questions. May be difficult to construct consistent measures across panels.

32. SIPP Disability Questions: Sensory • Do you have any difficulties seeing the words and letters in ordinary newspaper print even when wearing glasses or contact lenses if you usually wear them? Note, includes blindness • Are you able to see the words and letters in ordinary newspaper print at all? • Do you have difficulty hearing what is said in a normal conversation with another person even when wearing your hearing aid? • Are you able to hear what is said in a normal conversation at all? • Do you have any difficulty having your speech understood? • In general, are people able to understand your speech at all?

33. SIPP Disability Questions: Physical Impairment • Do you have any difficulty lifting and carrying something as heavy as 10 pounds- such s a bag of groceries? • Are you able to lift and carry a 10 pound bag of groceries at all? • Do you have any difficulty pushing or pulling large objects such as a living room chair? • Are you able to push or pull such large objects at all? • Do you have any difficulty... • a. Standing or being on your feet for one hour? • b. Sitting for one hour? • c. Stooping, crouching, or kneeling? • d. Reaching over your head?

34. SIPP Disability Question: Physical Impairment, cont’d. • Do you have difficulty using your hands and fingers to do things such as picking up a glass or grasping a pencil? • Are you able to use your hands and fingers to grasp and handle at all? • Do you have any difficulty walking up a flight of 10 stairs? • Are you able to walk up a flight of 10 stairs at all? • Do you have any difficulty walking a quarter of a mile - about 3 city blocks? • Are you able to walk a quarter of a mile at all? • Do you have any difficulty using an ordinary telephone? • Are you able to use an ordinary telephone at all?

35. SIPP Disability: Mental Impairment • Do you have… • A learning disability such as dyslexia? • Mental retardation? • A developmental disability such as autism or cerebral palsy? • Alzheimer's disease or any other serious problem with confusion or forgetfulness? • Any other mental or emotional condition? • Note: This is for the working-age population. The SIPP includes additional questions for children.

36. SIPP Disability: Activities of Daily Living • Because of a physical or mental health condition, do you have difficulty doing any of the following by yourself? • a. Getting around INSIDE the home? • b. Getting in and out of bed or a chair? • c. Taking a bath or shower? • d. Dressing? • g. Eating? • f. Using or getting to the toilet?

37. SIPP Instrumental Activities of Daily Living • Because of a physical or mental health condition, do you have difficulty doing any of the following by yourself? • Going OUTSIDE the home, for example, to shop or visit a doctor's office? • Keeping track of money or bills? • Doing light housework such as washing dishes or sweeping a floor? • Taking the right amount of prescribed medicine at the right time?

38. SIPP Disability: Work Limitation • Do you have a physical, mental or health condition that limits the kind and amount of work you can do?

39. Prevalence Rate, by Type of Disability (SIPP 2002, ages 25-61)

40. Further Information • A Guide to Disability Statistics from the Survey of Income and Program Participation • By David C. Wittenburg and Sandi Nelson. • Forthcoming: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/edicollect/ • Real trends or measurement problems: Disability and employment trends from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. • By Elaine Maag and David C. Wittenburg. • http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/edicollect/150 • U.S Census Bureau Web Site • http://www.bls.census.gov/sipp/

41. Questions & Answers

42. SECTION 7Using Disability Statistics: Which definition and source?

43. Using Disability Statistics: Which dataset and what definition • Key questions to ask when choosing a data set. • Examples of accessing the data.

44. Dataset Comparison: Key questions to ask • Geographic level • National, regional, state, county, metropolitan area, etc. • Years data collected • Specific year, most recent year • Disability Concept/Measure • Sensory, physical, mental disability • Population coverage • Civilian non-institutionalized, institutionalized • Selected Areas of interest • Employment, poverty, income, occupation, ethnicity, housing, etc. • Ease of Accessibility and Use

45. SECTION 8Exercises/Case Studies

46. Identifying and Using Disability Statistics • Give examples how the use of statistics may assist or help you with your work? • Please specify: • The problem or question you have identified • The information you need • Where and how you would search for information • How you would use the information

47. Differences Exercise 1: Prevalence Rate Question: Three estimates of the prevalence of disability are presented in the table below. List possible reasons for the differences between the three estimates.

48. Differences Exercise 1: Prevalence Rate Possible Answers: • The surveys use very different definitions of disability. The SIPP prevalence rate is the largest, and its definition includes many questions related to potentially short-term conditions. The prevalence rate is positively related to the number of survey questions used. The ACS uses six questions; the NHIS uses 21 questions; and the SIPP uses 27 questions. • The context in which the questions are asked. The ACS is a general survey. The NHIS is a health survey. The SIPP is a program-related survey. We may expect high prevalence rates in health surveys and perhaps program-related surveys. • The surveys are conducted in different years and during different months of the year. (But not likely to cause a dramatic difference.)

49. Differences Exercise 2: Employment Rate Question: Three estimates of the employment rate of people with disability are presented in the table below. List possible reasons for the differences between the three estimates.

50. Differences Exercise 2: Employment Rate Possible Answers: • The surveys use very different definitions of disability. • They also use different questions to collect information on employment. Thus, the definitions of employment differ. • The surveys are conducted in different years and during different months of the year, which can affect employment estimates (for example seasonal differences.)