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Descriptive Statistics

This guide delves into the essential concepts of descriptive statistics, focusing on key elements such as measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variation (range, variance, standard deviation). It explores different types of number distributions, including normal, negatively skewed, and positively skewed curves. Learn to interpret z-scores, percentiles, frequency graphs, bar graphs, histograms, and frequency polygons. This comprehensive overview is designed to help you understand the visual representation of data and the significance of statistical measures in data analysis.

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Descriptive Statistics

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  1. Descriptive Statistics • Number pictures of data • Number distributions • Measures of central tendency • Measures of variation • Z scores • Percent and percentile

  2. Number Pictures • Frequency graph • Bar graph or histogram • Frequency polygon • Frequency curve

  3. Frequency Graph

  4. Bar Graph/Histogram

  5. Frequency Polygon

  6. Frequency Curve

  7. Number Distributions • Normal curve • Negative skewed curve • Positive skewed curve

  8. Normal Distribution -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Z

  9. 34.13% 34.13% 13.59% 13.59% 2.27% 2.27% 0 -3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3 Z Normal Distribution

  10. 34.13% 34.13% 13.59% 13.59% 2.27% 2.27% 100 52 68 84 116 132 148 IQ TEST DISTRIBUTION Stanford-Binet

  11. Mode Mean Median Negatively SkewedDistribution

  12. Positively SkewedDistribution Mode Median Mean

  13. Central Tendency • Mode • Median • Mean

  14. Variation • Range • Variance • Standard deviation

  15. Z Scores • Single score description • Relation of raw score to mean accounting for variation • Z = sum of • Standard score • Deviation score in standard deviation units

  16. Percent • Proportion of a whole • Quantity - # units in proportion to 100 • %= (F)n / (t)n * 100

  17. Percentile • A number’s position in a group of numbers • Percentage of numbers below the number • Median = 50th percentile

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