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Challenges and Transformations in Muslim Regions: Ottoman, Safavids, Mughals

Explore the decline of Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, facing internal decay, nationalism, European pressures, and efforts to modernize. Witness nationalist revolts, the Armenian Genocide, Egypt's modernization under Muhammad Ali, Suez Canal's impact, and Persia's struggle against European powers.

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Challenges and Transformations in Muslim Regions: Ottoman, Safavids, Mughals

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  1. Middle East European Claims in Muslim Regions

  2. Stresses in Muslim Regions • Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals were all in decline • Faced internal decay and stress • Faced increasing threats from European Powers

  3. Problems for the Ottoman • Nationalist Revolts Break Out • Nationalism spreads and revolts weaken the multiethnic Empire • European Pressure Increases • European States fought for control of territory from the crumbling empire • Efforts to Westernize • Empire seeks to modernize and look to the west for ideas • Sultans or rulers rejected reform and tried to rebuild the autocratic power of earlier rulers • Young Turks Demand Reform • Insist reform is the only way to save the empire • Overthrow the Sultan

  4. Armenian Genocide • Traditionally Ottoman had let minorities live in their own communities and practice their own religion • Nationalism created tension between nationalists and minorities • Led to genocide – deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group • Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman • Result: over the next 25 years, Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed

  5. Egypt Seeks to Modernize • Muhammad Ali – Father of Modern Egypt • Introduced political and economic reforms • Increased participation in world trade • Used Western experts to build a modern army

  6. Building the Suez Canal • European Nations gained control over the Ottomans by extending loans at high interest rates • Egypt was unable to repay loans for the canal • Forced to sell their shares to the British • Egypt becomes a Protectorate of the British

  7. Persia and the European Powers • Britain and Russia competed for control of the Persians • Discovery of oil heightened foreign interest • Both persuade Persia to grant them concessions – special rights given to foreign powers • To protect their investments both sides send in troops • Persian Nationalists are outrages • 1) Move swiftly to adopt Western Ways • Muslim religious leaders – condemned the Persian government and Western influences

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