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DENGUE EPIDEMICS IN REFUGEE CAMPS PREVENTION AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

DENGUE EPIDEMICS IN REFUGEE CAMPS PREVENTION AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT. PUBH-6165-2 Environmental Health Walden University Online Dr. Jalal Ghaemghami Student: Mercedes Z Rafiq. WHAT IS DENGUE?. DENGUE IS A MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASE ENDEMIC TO TROPICAL REGIONS.

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DENGUE EPIDEMICS IN REFUGEE CAMPS PREVENTION AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

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  1. DENGUE EPIDEMICSIN REFUGEE CAMPSPREVENTION AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT PUBH-6165-2 Environmental Health Walden University Online Dr. Jalal Ghaemghami Student: Mercedes Z Rafiq

  2. WHAT IS DENGUE? • DENGUE IS A MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASE ENDEMIC TO TROPICAL REGIONS. • THE PRINCIPAL VECTOR IS THE Aedes aegypti MOSQUITO. • THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF DENGUE VIRUSES. (WHO, 2009; ROBERTS AND KEMP, 2001)

  3. TRANSMISSION CYCLE

  4. SYMPTOMS • FEVER, CHILLS, RASH, SORE THROAT. • VOMITING, SEVERE HEADACHES. • PAIN BEHIND THE EYES. • MUSCLE AND JOINT PAIN. • COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE DHF & DSS. • DHF: DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER CHARACTERIZED BY INTERNAL BLEEDING. • DSS: DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME RESULTS FROM THE INTERNAL BLEEDING SUFFERED BY THE PATIENTS. (WHO, 2009; ROBERTS AND KEMP, 2001)

  5. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION • DENGUE WAS FIRST DETECTED IN ASIA. • TODAY DENGUE HAS BECOME ENDEMIC TO MOST COUNTRIES IN THE TROPICS. • IT OCCURS MOSTLY IN URBAN SETTINGS. • THERE HAVE BEEN SPORADIC CASES IN REFUGEE CAMPS IN ASIA AND AFRICA. (WHO, 2009)

  6. DISTRIBUTION AS OF 2002 WHO, 2002

  7. POPULATIONS AFFECTED • APPROXIMATELY 50 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. • 12,500 PEOPLE (MOSTLY CHILDREN) DIE FROM DHS EACH YEAR. • OVERALL 2.5 BILLION PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO DENGUE FEVER, DHF, AND DSS AROUND THE GLOBE. (WHO, 2009)

  8. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND REFUGEES • PEOPLE THAT HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY ARMED CONFLICT OR NATURAL DISASTERS, BUT REMAIN IN THEIR COUNTRY ARE COUNTED AS IDPS. • PEOPLE THAT HAVE BEEN FORCED OUT OF THEIR OWN COUNTRY DUE TO POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ETHNIC, OR RELIGIOUS INSTABILITY ARE CONSIDERED REFUGEES.

  9. PEOPLE DISPLACED BY ARMED CONFLICTS OR NATURAL DISASTERS FACE: • OVERCROWDED CONDITIONS IN REFUGEE CAMPS. • UNSAFE ENVIRONMENT. • LACK OF PROPER SANITATION. • UNAVAILABILITY OF WATER. • POOR NUTRITION. • PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. • INAPPROPRIATE BASIC HEALTH CARE. • THREAT OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES.

  10. CHALLENGES • PROVIDING SHELTER FROM THE ELEMENTS • PROVIDING CLEAN DRINKING WATER • PROVIDING NUTRITIONAL FOOD • DELIVERING BASIC HEALTHCARE • COMMUNICABLE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE Lin, Yoon, Jung, Kim, and Lee (2005); Gayer, Legros, Formenty, and Connolly (2007).

  11. LIVING CONDITIONS IN CAMPS Refugee camp. Photograph by Exile Images

  12. ACTIONS • MANY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS WHO, UN, MEDICINS SANS FRONTIERS, AND THE RED CROSS PARTICIPATE IN THE PROVISION OF TEMPORARY SHELTERS, FOOD, WATER, EMERGENCY HEALTHCARE, AND EDUCATION. • COORDINATION OF PROGRAMS IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF ASSISTING THE REFUGEES OR IDPs.

  13. CONCLUSION • DENGUE OUTBREAKS ARE NOT COMMON IN REFUGEE CAMPS; HOWEVER, WHEN THESE OCCUR THEY CAUSE MORE SUFFERING TO A POPULATION THAT IS ALREADY UNDER PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. • ERADICATION OF Aedes aegypi AND OTHER VECTORS, AND DENGUE CONTAINMENT SHOULD BE PRIORATIZED BY GOVERNMENTS WORLDWIDE, SO THAT WHEN A NATURAL DISASTER OCCURS OR A CONFLICT SITUATION ESCALATES DENGUE WOULD NOT BE ANOTHER EPIDEMIC THAT MUST BE FOUGHT.

  14. REFERENCES: • Beyrer, C. & Lee, T. J. (2008). Responding to Infectious Diseases in Burma and her Border Regions. Conflict and Health. 2008, 2:2. Retrieved from http://conflictandhealth.com/content/2/1/2 on July 5, 2009. • Botros, A. M.; Watts, D. M.; Soliman, A. K.; Salib, A. W.; Moussa, M. I.; Murzal, H.; Douglas, C. and Farah, M. (1989). Serological Evidence of Dengue Fever Among Refugees, Hargeysa, Somalia. U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA241179&location=u2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf on July 5, 2009. • Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Questions and Answers for Tsunami Survivors. (2005). CDC. Retrieved from http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis on July 22, 2009. • Dengue Fact Sheet. (2005). CDC. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/dengue on July 7, 2009. • Gayer, M.; Legros, D.; Formenty, P.; and Connolly, M. A. (2007). Conflict and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 13, No. 11, November 2007. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/eid on July 17, 2009. • Gubler, D. J. (1998). Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1998. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=88892&blobtype=pdf on July 5, 2009. • Gubler, D. J. (2002). Epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century. Trends in Microbiology. Vol. 10, No. 2, February 2002. Retrieved from http://www.pdvi.org/PDFs/articles/Epidemic%20dengue%20-%20Gubler.pdf on July 16, 2009. • Sri Lanka: Dengue Outbreak Claims 168 Lives. (2009) Integrated Regional Information Networks. UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportId=85200 on July 27, 2009. • Pakistan: Dengue Danger Returns to Punjab. (2009). Integrated Regional Information Networks. UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportId=83683 on July 27,2009.

  15. References Continued: • Global: Paltry Funding for Tackling Deadly Diseases. (2009). Integrated Regional Information Networks.UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportId=82919 on July 27,2009. • Bangladesh: Cyclone Aila Recovery Slower than Sidr. (2009). IRIN. UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportId=85396 on July 27, 2009. • Lateef, F. (2009). Cyclone Nargis and Myanmar: A Wake Up Call. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. Vol. 2, No. 2. May-August 2009. Retrieved from http://www.onlinejets.org/text.asp?2009/2/2/106/50745 on July 27, 2009. • Lim, J. H.; Yoon, D.; Jung, G.; Kim, W J.; and Lee, H. C. S. (2005). Medical needs of Tsunami Disaster Refugee Camps: Experience in Southern Sri Lanka. International Family Medicine. Vol. 37, No. 6. June 2005. Retrieved from http://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2005/June/Jie422.pdf on July 15, 2009. • Roberts, A., & Kemp, C. (2001). Dengue Fever. Retrieved from http://bearspace.baylor.edu/Charles_Kemp/www/dengue.htm on July 7, 2009. • WHO. (2002). DengueNet_WHO’s Internet-based System for the Global Surveillance of Dengue Fever and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (Dengue/DHF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. Vol. 36, September 6, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/wer on July 7, 2009. • WHO: Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. (2009). Fact Sheet No. 117. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/print.html on July 7, 2009. • WHO. (2009). Impact of Dengue. Retrieved from http://www.who.int.csr/disease/dengue/impact/en/printhtml on July 22, 2009.

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