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REFERENCING and citations

REFERENCING and citations. Reference other people‘s work correctly – avoid plagiarism PARAPHRASE – someone else ‘s ideas in your own words SUMMARISE – a brief account of someone else ‘s ideas QUOTE - someone else ‘s exact words COPY - someone else ‘s figures , tables or structure.

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REFERENCING and citations

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  1. REFERENCINGandcitations

  2. Reference other people‘s work correctly– avoid plagiarismPARAPHRASE – someoneelse‘s ideasin yourownwordsSUMMARISE – a briefaccountofsomeoneelse‘s ideasQUOTE - someoneelse‘s exactwordsCOPY - someoneelse‘s figures, tables or structure

  3. EXTENDED ESSAYS • INCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER • INCLUDE ONLY REFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT • TWO RECOMMENDED METHODS: • HARVARD SYSTEM (Author, year) • NUMBERED REFERENCING WITH FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES BE CONSISTENT!

  4. CITATIONS IN THE TEXT USING NUMBERED SYSTEM- insert a superscriptnumber- reference thesources at thebottomofthepage(footnotes)- reference thesourcesin full

  5. FOOTNOTESUSING NUMBER SYSTEM • Reference in full = the same system as in theBibliography • SHORTENED REFERENCING: • THE SAME SOURCE AS IN THE PRECEDING F. : Ibid., page 10 • THE SAME SOURCE AS IN A PREVIOUS F. : Op. Cit. page10

  6. REFERENCES – theworkscited • A newpageafterthetext • Arrangedalphabetically • Numbertheentries

  7. GUIDELINES fortheentries • Book (1): Single author • Zimmerman, B.K. 1984. Biofuture, confronting the genetic era. Plenum Press, New York. • Book (2): 2 authors • Schwing, R. and W. Albers.1980. Societalriskmanagement. Plenum Press, New York.

  8. GUIDELINES fortheentries • Book (3): Editor in place of author • Milunsky, A., and G.J. Annas (eds.). 1976. Geneticsandthelaw. Plenum Press, New York. • Book (4): 2nd or later edition • Burns, George W. 1980. Thescienceofgenetics: anintroduction to heredity. 4th ed. Macmillan. New York.

  9. GUIDELINES fortheentries • Book (5): Volume in a multivolume work • Hotchkiss, R.D. 1980. Recombinant DNA research, vol. 5. NIH Publication No. 80-2130. • Book (6): Subtitled volume of multivolume work • Office ofTechnologyAssessment, U.S. Congress. 1980. Energyforbiologicalprocesses, vol. 2. Technicalanalysis. U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C.

  10. GUIDELINES fortheentries • Book (7): Article in edited collection • Nelkin, D., and M. Pollack. 1980. Problemsandprocedures in theregulationoftechnologicalrisk. In R. Schwingand W. Albers (eds.), Societalriskmanagement. p. 136-67. Plenum Press, New York. • Book (8): Corporate author • NationalResearchCouncil. 1977. Worldfoodandnutritionstudy: thepotentialcontributionsofresearch. NR Council, Washington, D.C.

  11. GUIDELINES fortheentries • Journal Article (1): Single author • Myers, N. 1979. Conservingourglobalstock. Environment21: 25-30. • Journal Article (2): More than 1 author • Israel, M.A., etal. 1979. Molecularcloningofpolyoma virus DNA in escherichia coli: plasmidvectorsystems. Science203: 883-887. • Journal Article (3): In edited collection • Nelkin, D., and M. Pollack. 1980. Problemsandprocedures in theregulationoftechnologicalrisk. In R. Schwingand W. Albers (eds.), Societalriskmanagement. p. 136-67. Plenum Press, New York.

  12. GUIDELINES fortheentries • Webcitation (1): Standard form • Camarota, Steven S.  Immigration From Mexico: Assessing the Impact on the United States.Center for Immigration Studies, http://www.cis.org/articles/2001/mexico/toc.html (Nov. 7, 2008). • Webcitation(2): Newspaperarticle • Black, I."Iraq splits EU summit as Blair backs US," Guardian [UK], Dec. 13, 2003 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/eu/story/0,7369,1106337,00.html).

  13. GUIDELINES fortheentries • Personalcommunication • Steven Volk, e-mail to author, October 15, 2003. • Images, photographs • Eanger Irving Couse, "The Captive" (1891), Phoenix Art Museum, oil on canvas (http://www.phxart.org/couse.html). • Bob Dylan photograph, http://www.bobdylan.com/. • Don Bishop, "Untitled," Tikkun 18:4 (July/August 2003), cover.

  14. LET‘S CHECK (1) • B.K. Zimmerman, 1984. Biofuture, confronting the genetic era. Plenum Press, New York. • SchwingandAlbers(eds.), Societalriskmanagement. Plenum Press, New York. • Milunsky, A., and G.J. Annas (eds.). 1976. GeneticsAndTheLaw. Plenum Press, New York.

  15. LET‘S CHECK (2) • Problemsandprocedures in theregulationoftechnologicalrisk. ByNelkin, D., and M. Pollack. InR. Schwingand W. Albers (eds.), Societalriskmanagement. 1980. p. 136-67. Plenum Press, New York • Burns, George W. 1980. Thescienceofgenetics: anintroduction to heredity. 4th ed. Macmillan. New York. £12.50.

  16. LET‘S CHECK (3) • Schwing, R. and W. Albers (ed.).1980. Societalriskmanagement. Plenum Press, New York • Camarota, S.S.  Immigration From Mexico: Assessing the Impact on the United States. Center for Immigration Studies, http://www.cis.org/articles/2001/mexico/toc.html (2008).

  17. LET‘S CHECK (4) • Youwant some more?!

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