Arabization of Computer Systems نظم تعريب الحاسب Abdelkarim Abdelkader

1. Arabization of Computer Systemsنظم تعريب الحاسبAbdelkarimAbdelkader Lecture 7 : Revision

2. Revision Q1) what are the different types of Arabic language? • Modern Standard Arabic is used in the news and on TV—the “common language” used by speakers of different dialects. • Classical Arabic is the language of the Qur’an, and is used primarily for reading and reciting Islamic holy text. • Dialect is a different way of speaking the SAME language to say the SAME thing

3. Revision Q2) what is the main characteristic of Arabic language in morphology and grammar? • Arabic belongs to the Semitic family of languages. • Based on trilateral root • Has two types of sentences : verbal sentence and nominal sentence and Arabic tends to prefer the word order VSO (verb before subject) • Arabic has three grammatical cases : nominative, genitive and accusative, • Arabic has three numbers: singular, dual and plural

4. Revision Q3) give three reasons for computer arabization • The computer is a tool for the language : linguistic counting, The length of words, frequency movements, Analysis and synthesis, Writing: automated reading and automated construction of words. Morphological: analysis of words and automatically generation. Syntax: analysis of sentences and automatically generation. Automated understanding Communicate with the computer in natural language

5. Revision • The language is a tool for a computer : Use the computer with the mother language Information storage, Information retrieval, programming with arabic language, Computer Programming without programming language, interface with computers in both written and spoken contexts using natural human languages • Computer everywhere • Use on the rise

6. Revision Q4) give a brief computer arabization history • Before 1960 : Arabic transcription in Latin characters • 1962 : printing Arabic letters • 1973 : System to choose the form of Arabic script • 1973-1986 : Arabic applications • Storage and extraction of arabic information • Arabic programming language • First morphological analyser • First arabization for MS DOS • 1995 : Arabization of windows • 1995 : Use of Arabic in web page(HTML)

7. Revision • Actually : • Arabic is semi-essential in operating systems • Application and software depends on the arabic language • Office Programs based on the Arabic language • Operating systems and programming languages in Arabic

8. Revision Q5) give 4 conditions for Arabic writing Processing • Input from the keyboard • Blending different texts in many languages • Modify the shape of the character when deleting • Pick a character automatically depending on the context

9. Revision Q6) What must we respect to Show Arabic letters on the screen • User satisfaction • The direction of Arabic • The direction of Latin • You can change the screen orientation • Should not affect the way storage

10. Revision Q7) Give 5 characteristics of system of arabization : • Accuracy and speed • Ease of Use • Providing user need • Dealing with memory • Transparency

11. Revision Q8) Systems of arabization types are: • Hardware (keyboard, screen, printer) • Software: programming language, operating systems, text, graphical interface ) Q9) Describe the steps of the system arabization : • Code of characters • Design lines • Dealing with the information and context analysis • Configure and display information and print it.

12. Revision Q10) What does concern the arabization of computer : • Arabization of operating systems software • Arabization of compiler (programming languages​​) • Arabization of database Systems • Arabization of expert systems building • Arabization of different applications • Office: word processing, spreadsheets, • Educational programs, entertainment and administrative • E-Learning , …

13. Revision Q11) Translate to Arabic the followed components of graphical interface مشغل الماوس لوحة المفاتيح التعليمات الرموز الصورية (أيقونات) مساحة العمل مدير الملفات محرر النصوص المرسال: البريد الالكتروني • Mouse Driver • Keyboard • Instructions • Icons • Workspace • File Manager • Text Editor • E-Mail

14. Revision Q12) Why standards and specifications are important? • Facilitate the exchange of information • Breaking the monopoly • Ease of use, speed and technology transfer • Allow the reusability, interoperability ,…

15. Revision Q13) in the field of Computer what are the elements which concerned by the standardization? • Keyboard • Page of characters or code • Forms of letters depending on the context • Converting Arabic writing to SOUND

16. Revision Q14) What are the main characteristics of ASCII code? • The American Standard Code for Information Interchange, or ASCII code, was created in 1963 by the "American Standards Association" Committee or "ASA“. • At first only included capital letters and numbers , but in 1967 was added the lowercase letters and some control characters. • In 1981, IBM developed an extension of 8-bit ASCII code, 128 characters were added , with new symbols, signs, graphics and latin letters, all punctuation signs.

17. Revision Q15) What is Unicode? • Unicode provides a unique number for every character, no matter what the platform, no matter what the program, no matter what the language. • The Unicode Standard has been adopted by such industry leaders as Apple, HP, IBM, JustSystems, Microsoft, Oracle, SAP, Sun, Sybase, Unisys and many others. Unicode is required by modern standards such as XML, Java.

18. Revision Q16) What is the difference between utf-8 and unicode? Unicode is an encoding system that can be implemented officially according to the rules of the Unicode consortium in three encoding forms: UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32,in which UTF stands for “Unicode Transformation Format”.  Q17) What is the main characteristic of Windows-1256? • Windows-1256 is a code page used to write Arabic (and possibly some other languages that use Arabic script, like Persian and Urdu) under Microsoft Windows. • It encodes every abstract single letter of the basic Arabic alphabet, not every concrete visual form of isolated, initial, medial, final or ligatured letter shape variants 

19. Revision Q18) What is the definition of the User Interface ? • The User Interface is the junction between a user and a computer program. An interface is a set of commands or menus through which a user communicates with a program. • The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program because it determines how easily you can make the program do what you want.

20. Revision Q19) What is the definition of the Graphical User Interface ? AGUI is a software interface designed to standardize and simplify the use of computer programs, as by using a mouse to manipulate text and images on a display screen featuring icons, windows, and menus.

21. Revision Q20) Briefly describe the basic components of a GUI • Pointer : A symbol that appears on the display screen and that you move to select objects and commands. • Pointing device : A device, such as a mouse or  trackball, that enables you to select objects on the display screen. • Icons : Small pictures that represent commands, files, or windows. • desktop : The area on the display screen where icons are grouped • Window is a visual area containing some kind of user interface, the window decoration. It usually has a rectangular shape that can overlap with the area of other windows. • Menus : Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a choice from a menu.

22. Revision Q21) Give 3 Characteristics Of Successful GUI • Attractive : a good interface should be attractive. Attractive in a sense that it makes the use of that interface enjoyable. • Consistent : Consistent interfaces allow users to develop usage patterns — they’ll learn what the different buttons, tabs, icons and other interface elements look like and will recognize them and realize what they do in different contexts. • Familiar : Familiar is just that: something which appears like something else you’ve encountered before.