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Basic Principles and Pump Types

Basic Principles and Pump Types. WATER – A SCARCE RESOURCE. Water – a s carce r esource. Where does our water come from? Surface water 72 % of the world is covered with water only 3 % of this is fresh water o f this 3 %, only 1/3 rd is suitable for drinking

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Basic Principles and Pump Types

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  1. Basic Principles and Pump Types WATER – A SCARCE RESOURCE

  2. Water – a scarce resource Where does our water come from? Surface water 72 % of the world is covered with water only 3 % of this is fresh water of this 3 %, only 1/3rd is suitable for drinking this means only 1 % of the earth’s surface water is fit for human use We are seeing a trend that less surface water is either available or safe for human consumption

  3. Water – a scarce resource Rainwater In many situations rainwater is collected from the roof and used as a primary source of water Depending on animal or air pollution, this water may need some form of treatment In some areas, rainfall is not always reliable to guarantee water when you need it Bore water There are large reserves of water stored underground that come from surface water run-off This is not an inexhaustible supply – it needs to be monitored to ensure we are not taking more than is being recharged through the natural process of ‘recharging’ from surface water

  4. Water – a scarce resource How much water is enough? Estimates are that the average person in the USA uses approximately 100 gallons per day (GPD)* This compares to 40 GPD in Europe and 53 GPD in the Australia ** * Source: Greater Wellington Regional Council Water Supply Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2010) ** Source: savewater.com.au How does this compare to how much water we actually need to survive everyday? Minimum International guidelines recommend 5 GPD, this is of course just to survive and doesn’t account for everyday activities that we see as essential such as: Washing Cleaning • Flushing • Irrigation

  5. Water – a scarce resource So on average we use a lot of water every day. How do we move all this water to and from the where it is used? Unless it can get there by gravity and then the wastewater can drain away naturally, we have to use a pump Just about everyone in Australia and New Zealand has their water delivered by means of a pump and the wastewater removed by means of pumps Not everyone is aware that the water delivered from the local Council’s water supply network incorporates pumps Understanding this makes it easy to see why pumps play a vital role in sustaining our everyday life Important we understand the main types of pumps available and what they are used for

  6. Plumbing systems and pumps In the situations where the pumps are essential or nice to have the plumbing system needs to be installed to accom-modate the pumps, and to ensure they provide the best performance for the consumer How pumps and the plumbing system interact In some installations pumps are essential to make the plumbing system work In others, they are nice to have as they will improve the comfort of the plumbing user, or improve the system efficiency In rare occasions they are not necessary at all

  7. Properties of water So what does this mean for pumping systems? Imagine if we have a pipeline full of water flowing and we suddenly shut of a tap, what will happen? The water cannot compress and redirects its energy back in the direction it was coming from This sets up some shockwaves and the volume of water tends to ‘bounce’ back and forth This is called water hammer and in extreme cases can cause damage to pipes and fittings and the pump Avoiding water hammer is important Water cannot be compressed Theoretically water cannot be compressed There is almost always entrained gas in water, so it will compress a small amount – this is the gas, not the water compressing

  8. Properties of water • Density of water • Density is a measure of compactness – how much matter is in a certain volume • Measured in p/f3 (pounds per cubic foot) • For water we generally accept that the density of water is 62.4 p/f3 • This means that 1 ft3of water will weigh 62.4 pounds– there are 7.48 gallons per ft3of water, so 1 gallon of water = 8.34 lbs. • However, the density of water will actually change as the temperature changes: • Water has its highest density at 40F⁰F, and its lowest at 212⁰ F where it is 59.810 lb/ft3 • This means that as we increase the temperature the density decreases

  9. Properties of water However, if we go up Mount Everest to an elevation of 29,029 Ft. above sea level the boiling point of water decreases to 161⁰ F This is because we have reduced the pressure on the water – the lower the pressure on top of the water, the lower the boiling point becomes Boiling point A liquid will become a vapor(gas) at a particular temperature at a particular pressure – the liquid’s boiling point For water at normal atmospheric pressure (measured at sea level) the boiling point for water is 212⁰ F What happens to its volume as water becomes steam? It increases in volume by a factor of 1600 at atmospheric pressure This is really important when you are installing hot water circulator pumps

  10. www.grundfos.com

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