libitha
Uploaded by
36 SLIDES
1033 VIEWS
360LIKES

Chapter 4

DESCRIPTION

Chapter 4. Classical Conditioning Applications. Emotional Conditioning. Wide range of emotional responses Emotions universal Positive and negative Emotional response to stimulus reflexive Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs). John Broadus Watson. Hard-line Behaviorism

1 / 36

Download Presentation

Chapter 4

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 4 Classical Conditioning Applications

  2. Emotional Conditioning • Wide range of emotional responses • Emotions universal • Positive and negative • Emotional response to stimulus reflexive • Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs)

  3. John Broadus Watson • Hard-line Behaviorism • British Empiricism (nurture over nature) • Early work with rats • Shifted to infant research

  4. Conditioning of Fear • Watson & Raynor (1920) • Albert B. • Mother a wet nurse at Harriet Lane Home (attached to Johns Hopkins University) • Albert first assessed at about 8 months • Emotionally stable, healthy

  5. Method • Present white rat • No fear • Present white rat and bang metal bar • Produces CER of fear, avoidance, withdrawl • US = noise, UR = startle • CS = rat CR = fear • CER generalizes to other furry objects • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE

  6. Study went for several months • Intended to reverse CER conditioning, but Albert B’s mother ended her job at hospital • Mary Cover-Jones; counter-conditioning with Peter

  7. What Happened to Albert • Beck, Levinson & Irons (2009) • Historical detective work • Albert B.’s mother probably Arvilla Irons Merritte • Douglas Merritte, born 9 March 1919 • Arvilla Merritte left Johns Hopkins • Worked as assistant for ill wife of farmer • Douglas Merritte died 10 May 1925, probably from meningitis

  8. Name • Why Albert B.? • Ethical concerns with confidentiality not firmly established • Watson may have played “name games” • His sons William and James • His name from John Albert Broadus, Baptist minister… Albert B.

  9. What Happened to Watson • Affair with Rosalie Raynor, his grad student • Divorce, fired, resigned as president of APA • Worked for J. Walter Thompson advertising agency; vice-president within two years • Ponds Cold Cream, Maxwell House coffee • Published books and articles on childcare • Psychological care of infant and child (1928) • Criticized by many modern child experts/advocates, but no more extreme than other childcare texts of the time • Strongly advocated against spanking and corporal punishment

  10. Nonhuman Studies of Fear • Usually shock as US • Rats freeze • Train operant response; train CS+ for aversive US, test suppression of operant response in presence and absence of CS • Suppression video

  11. CS Responding Suppression Ratio = CS Responding + pre-CS Responding Suppression Ratio • 0 if behaviour entirely suppressed • 0.5 if no suppression

  12. Prejudice • Prejudice related to hate • Hate conditionable • Staats & Staats (1958) • Subjects rate nationalities • Paired positive, negative, neutral words with nationalities

  13. Association • Political speeches • Media coverage • Negative images, words, impressions paired with identifiable group

  14. Counter Conditioning • Mary Cover Jones (1924) • Eliminate phobia via classical conditioning • Peter feared rabbits • Peter eats snack (US) … present rabbit (CS) • Associate positive US with CS

  15. Systematic Desensitization • Relaxation techniques • Gradual introduction of phobic stimulus • Imagination up to real situation

  16. Flooding • “Flood” patient with exposure to fear-inducing stimulus

  17. Advertising

  18. First-Order C.C. in Ads • Product (initially neutral --> CS) • Pair with stimulus that elicits positive emotion (US) • Consumer sees product, has positive CR

  19. Example • Postbank • US = funny situation • UR = happiness • CS = brand • CR = happiness, amusement, positive emotion

  20. Second-Order C.C. • Use previously conditioned celebrity, situation, etc. • CS1 & US • Now, pair brand (CS2) with CS1

  21. Example • Chanel No. 5 • Nicole Kiddman = CS1 • Positive feeling = CR • Attractive, successful, lifestyle = US • Positive feeling = UR • Chanel No. 5 = CS2 • Assumption: buy perfume, be rich, popular, get the cute guy, romance

  22. Example • Japander.com • Brad Pitt and 503 Jeans • Pitt (CS1), leading man, celebrity, rich, pretty = desirable (US), 503s (CS2) • Pierce Brosnan and VISA • Bond persona (CS1), excitement, adventure, sophistication = desirable (US), VISA (CS2)

  23. Paraphilia

  24. Paraphilia • “Incorrect love” • Fetishism, masochism, pedophilia, rape, etc. • More common in males • Freud: unconscious forces • Classical conditioning: association formed

  25. Example: Masochism • Generally, CS is previously neutral • But, a US, by pairing with another strong US, can become a CS • Pavlov: shock (CS) for food (US) • Masochism: painful stimulus (CS) for stimulus eliciting sexual pleasure (US)

  26. Counter Conditioning • Pair undesired CS with strongly aversive US (resulting in, e.g., nausea) • Aversion therapy • Treatment difficult with some forms of paraphilia (e.g., pedophilia)

  27. Taste Aversion

  28. Typically • Long-delay or trace conditioning • US is food poisoning, illness, etc. • UR is nausea induced pain • CS is novel food/flavour • CR is avoidance, nausea • Violation of contiguity?

  29. Explanations? • Sensitization • Aftertaste • Biological preparedness • Taste aversion a special case

  30. Biological Preparedness in Taste-Aversion • Garcia & Koelling (1966) Foot shock X-ray Water intake Water intake Pre-cond. Post-cond. Pre-cond. Post-cond. Flavoured water “Bright-noisy” water

  31. Explanation • Biological predispositions • Must know about CS-US relationship before predicting nature of CR • Certain stimuli more easily associated than others

  32. Immune Function

  33. Allergic Reaction • Release of histamines • Body’s immune response to allergens • Not all allergic responses biological • Can be learned

  34. Examples • Pollen and artificial flowers • My allergy to cats

  35. Russell et al. (1984) • Expose guinea pigs to BSA • Becomes allergen (US for histamine release) • Pair BSA with odour of fish or sulphur (CSs) • Expose guinea pigs to odours and get increased histamines (CR) in bloodstream • Preparatory value of classical conditioning

  36. Schaller et al. (2010) • Subjects see photo sets of guns (G) or people with infectious diseases (ID) • Stress test given : G more stressful than ID • Blood drawn, incubated with bacteria • ID subjects’ white blood cells produced 24% increase in cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) over baseline • G subjects only show 7% increase in IL-6 over baseline • Photos = CS, IL-6 production = CR

More Related