Heart Health and Diabetes: Understanding Physiology and Risk Factors

1. Group 6 Epidemiology and Physiology of the Heart in Type 2 Diabetes Dr. Mujuru Mr. Bob Bishop Amanda Lilley

2. Physiology and Anatomy of the Heart • Blood returning to the body is sent to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs to pick up oxygen an release carbon dioxide. Finally the blood containing the oxygen is sent to the left side of the heart and then spread to the rest of the body.

3. Exercise Experiments • Exercise Bike • Heat Exposure Experiment • Cold Exposure Experiment • Plethysmograph Experiment (A very complicated device that you stick on the end of your finger and it measures the blood flow that goes through the body.)

4. Exercise Bike and ECG • First, we put ECG pads on our wrist and ankles and then hooked the wires onto them. • Then, we had five different trials that we performed. 1.Resting 2.Warm-up 3.Exercise 4. Cool-down 5.Resting

5. Bike Heart Rate

6. Cold Exposure Experiment • We then tested if ice packs would slow down our pulse. We put the ECG equipment back on and put the plethysmograph on our finger. • We started at room temperature, then put the ice pack on, and finally a recovery time, each lasting two minutes.

7. Cold Experiment Graph

8. Heat Exposure Experiment • For this experiment, we heated up the heating pad while we had to put on the ECG equipment again. We looked to see if heat would raise are heart rate. • We started at room temperature, then put the heating pad on the opposite arm than the cold pack, and finally having a recovery time, each lasting two minutes.

9. Heat Experiment Graph

10. Analysis and Results • When we did the bike experiment, we found that the faster we peddled, the faster our pulse was, and when we peddled slow or not at all, our pulse slowed and stay consistent. • When we tested how temperature effected blood flow, we found that applied heat will increase blood flow. Also, we found that applied cold packs will decrease blow flow.

11. Competition Activities • In this activity, we broke up into two groups, Group A and the Blue Barracudas, and our teachers gave us questions to answer in a certain amount of time. The winning team would receive a prize.

12. What factors can effect blood pressure and heart rate? • Stress • Diet/what you eat • Temperatures • Weight • Diabetes • Intensity of exercise • Smoking • Drinking • Drugs • Height

13. Uses of a pedometer Count steps Conduct experiments Track miles Tell time Counts calories Advantages of walking Healthier lifestyle Lose weight Emotional release Physical release Stress reliever Cuts down pollution Takes you places Strengthens the cardiovascular system Better lung capacity Builds muscle Cuts down use of natural resources What are uses of a pedometer and the advantages of walking?

14. What does ECG mean, When do you use it, & Why is it used? • ECG means electrocardiogram. • You would use an ECG to monitor a patient's heart rate and electrical activity. • It is used to tell if a patient is having a heart attack or a heart murmur.

15. Gender Age Heredity Smoking Insulin Resistance Obesity Elevated Pulse High Blood Pressure Physical Inactivity Depression Stress Diabetes is the build up of sugar. If you work your cardiovascular system it burns off the excess sugar and works your cardiovascular system. Leaving susceptible to both cardiovascular disease and diabetes. What factors lead to CVD’s and What is the relationship between diabetes and CVD’s?

16. Extreme Heat The heat can make your heart beat faster putting strain on your heart. You can protect yourself by staying out of the heat and drinking a lot of water. Wear cool clothing when in the heat will help. Extreme Cold When it is cold will slow the heart causing less blood flow which oxygen will not get to the rest of your body. You can protect yourself by covering exposed body parts and wear clothes in layers. What environmental factors put stress on the heart and How can you protect yourself?

17. Case Study of Heart Attack Victim • A 50-year-old 210-pound white male insurance agent whose height is 5’9” was preparing for a summer weekend barbecue. • He was about half way through mowing the lawn when he experienced some mild chest pain. He assumed that it was just heartburn since he had rushed through his usual breakfast of bacon, eggs and biscuits. • After going inside and resting on the couch, he felt much better and decided to watch a baseball game on television. • He had polished off 2 beers and most of a pack of cigarettes before the guests started arriving. • His mother and sister arrived as well as his older brother who bored everybody with the details of his recent angioplasty procedure. His father died of a heart attack at the age of 55. • After an afternoon of fun and plenty of steak and beer, his chest pain returned. This time the pain was more severe and radiated to his left arm and neck. He became very anxious so his wife rushed him to the emergency room. • A physician ordered blood drawn for tests and administered a vasodilator. • His blood pressure was 125/80 and his heart rate was 60 beats/minute and regular. His chest pain was subsiding. An ECG showed ST segment elevation that was then absent on a second ECG repeated later in the day. A coronary arteriogram revealed 60% obstruction of his right coronary artery and 80% obstruction of a small branch of his left coronary artery.

18. Modifiable Risk Factors • Alcohol and drinking it after being in the sun. • Drinking habits. • Smoking habits. • Diet. • Weight. • Exercise. • Stress Level. • Job.

19. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors • Age • Height • Gender • Family Medical History

20. Symptoms • Mild chest pains. • Severe pain that ran from the left arm and neck. • Anxiousness. • The pain would subside after rest.

21. Diagnosis • Mild Heart Attack

22. Treatment • Hospitalization • Change diet • Eliminate alcohol and tobacco • Relaxation

23. Prognosis • He still has a high risk of getting a Cardiovascular Disease. • He could have another heart attack; however, with the change of his diet, smoking and drinking, and exercising habits he could survive and live a longer life.

24. Other Activities • Cadaver Lab • Ethics - Wacko Schmidt & Whine • Summary of Camp outside of Classes

25. Cadaver Lab • On Wednesday, we got to experience WVU’s cadaver lab. Basically, a lab full of dead bodies. However, it wasn’t as gross as it sounds. Actually, it was really interesting. We privileged enough to hold a heart and a lung. We found out that the cadaver lab was a great way to learn, hands-on, about the anatomy of a human.

26. Ethics of Wacko Schmidt & Whine • Wacko Schmidt & Whine had a very different approach to learning. It was exciting, but Cathy and Jenny may have played their roles a little to well. They really made us feel as if they were in a real clinic trial gone bad. They did everything opposite of how a real case study should go just to teach us how to be careful when it comes to new drugs and case studies. I have to say I don’t ever want to be put in the position Cathy and Jenny put us in again.

27. Summary of Activities outside of Classes • Other than labs and classes, camp all around was fun. Meeting new people, being put in a college atmosphere, and sleeping in dorms was all an different experience. Although all of that is nice we got to enjoy some fun things too. We were allowed to go to the rec. center were we could swim, play basketball, ping pong, or just hang out with your friends. Another afternoon activity was game and movie night were some would watch movies and some would play games. A lot of the fun though was just when we had are own free time. When we could just sit and hang with everybody and really get to know them.