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社會建構的職業性減壓症 – 醫學、科技與社會的觀點

社會建構的職業性減壓症 – 醫學、科技與社會的觀點. By 翁裕峰 24/03/08. 小組討論. 請以四人為一組,討論一下,「職業性減壓症是如何產生的」,並分別記錄小組成員的看法?. 職業性減壓症. 何謂 社會建構 ? 社會建構 與職業性減壓症有何關係 ? 誰參與 職業性疾病的社會建構? 透過什麼方式 參與? 職業性疾病的社會建構過程中,醫學專業者可以參與的作為何在?. 何謂社會建構?. 社會建構的源起:源自 馬克思、韋伯、涂爾幹 的分析

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社會建構的職業性減壓症 – 醫學、科技與社會的觀點

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  1. 社會建構的職業性減壓症 – 醫學、科技與社會的觀點 By 翁裕峰 24/03/08

  2. 小組討論 • 請以四人為一組,討論一下,「職業性減壓症是如何產生的」,並分別記錄小組成員的看法?

  3. 職業性減壓症 • 何謂社會建構? • 社會建構與職業性減壓症有何關係? • 誰參與職業性疾病的社會建構?透過什麼方式參與? • 職業性疾病的社會建構過程中,醫學專業者可以參與的作為何在?

  4. 何謂社會建構? • 社會建構的源起:源自馬克思、韋伯、涂爾幹的分析 • Peter Berger(伯格) and Thomas Luckman(盧克曼)(1966)對社會建構的說法:「...人類的『知識』都在社會情境中發展、傳遞與維繫,知識社會學必須瞭解這個過程是如何進行... 」 • 關心重點:人們的行動和態度如何造就社會制度與結構

  5. 社會建構有關科學與技術的主張 – 非自然的產物 • 科學/醫學主張並非從研究主題直接產生;要增加科學/醫學主張的重要性必須花工夫,而科學家參與在裏面– 也就是參與科學建構的過程 • 科學家及工程師賴以研究與工作的事物並非自然的,例如「...實驗室這個工作場所...不是要將『自然』納入,反而是要儘可能地排除它」(Knorr Cetina, 1983:119) • 也就是說:物質被置於人工環境中,以觀察發生的反應,這類被製造出來的知識,是特別地非自然的

  6. 社會建構有關科學與技術的主張 – 會對物質與社會世界產生影響 • 科學/醫學與技術建構出我們的生活環境 • 科學/醫學與技術建構出政策

  7. 社會建構對科學家與工程建構理論的看法 • 建構的途徑:利用資料以及將資料轉化為表徵的方法,建構出科學的解釋、模型和理論(請自行思考這些過程對社會的影響) • 成功的科學/醫學技術及知識利用數種資源,專家必須結合物料、技能、知識和資本才能成功,沒有任何單一資源能夠完全決定全貌(請自行思考這些過程對社會的影響) • 無法自有限的數量資料中發展出良好的理論圖樣(請思考這個說法的適用性)

  8. 社會建構的三項重要假設 – 有關社會建構的摘要性整理 • 科學與技術是社會性的(與社會及其成員互動相關的,會涉及各種社會制度與;社會活動) 、 • 是動態的活動、 • 科學與技術的產物本身並非自然的 • 借用社會建構觀點來看職業性減壓症如何出現在台北捷運

  9. 台北劫運的故事 – 職業性減壓症 • 1982-1985: Aoki承建香港地鐵也採壓氣工法,83%工人得DCS (Lam and Yau, 1988; Kindwall, 1997: 338). • 1984-1987:新加坡捷運採用壓氣工法,9.4工人罹患decompression sickness (DCS) • 1986:Taipei Rapid Transportation System (TRTS) 開工 • 1987:送20位工程專業人員至美國學習捷運系統規畫、營造、營運、管理與維護(TCG, 1988: 495) ;內政部通過異常氣壓危害預防作業標準 採用Blackpool tables。捷運局的安全衛生手冊採用內政部通過的標準。

  10. 台北劫運的故事 – 職業性減壓症(續) • 1988:聘用外國顧問開各種興建捷運之訓練課程,但是班全衛生課程由捷運局自辦;Kindwall(1988: 170; 172-173)批評日本使用不恰當的減壓表是為了省錢,台灣的捷運要用氧氣並改善減壓表以便保護勞工; Blackpool tables比美國OSHA減壓表差。捷運設計新店線(含CH221標) • 1991:Aoki-New Asia Joint Ventures(青木-新亞聯合承攬)標到新店線CH221標(需用壓氣工法)

  11. 台北劫運的故事 – 職業性減壓症(續) • 1995:罹患DCS工人展開集體抗議(8月);Kajima-Tayowey Joint Ventures(鹿島-大友聯合承攬)板橋線CP262標使用壓氣工法(DORTS, 1998: 1) ;勞委會修正異常氣壓危害預防作業標準(10月)。 • 1997: Up to 60 per cent of the employees, including tunneling workers and civil engineers, suffered from (DCS).

  12. 何謂壓氣工法? The Layout of the Compression Facility Outside of tunnel A B C D Middlesection Rear section Front section Working space Valve (Source: Su, 1999)

  13. 壓氣工法 –與隧道連結部分 http://www.ceci.org.tw/book/61/ch61web/ch61-9P7.jpg

  14. 壓氣工法 –工人進出加壓開挖隧道 http://www.hyperbaric-tunnelling.com/compressedair.html

  15. 壓氣工法施工隧道 - 亞東醫院站至府中站間隧道復舊工程 • 2003-2004年間,板橋線CP265C施工標發生地下水滲漏,採用冷凍、超高壓噴射灌漿工法(SJM)進行地盤改良,並輔以壓氣工法進行環片更換復原。 文圖/周延聲 英譯/蔡英輝 http://www.dorts.gov.tw/news/newsletter/ns210/rp210_04.htm

  16. 何謂職業性減壓症? • 當工人從加壓的環境中回到正常氣壓(1大氣壓)的環境時,所經歷的減壓過程不恰當或未經減壓,由於溶於體內的氮氣大量泡快速膨脹,但無法順利由血液及細胞中排出體外,而使工人在關節、肌腱等地方出現疼痛;重者會引起肺、循環系統與神經系統等問題;也可能引起股骨壞死(Pulley, 2000; Deng and Ger, 1998: 4 ; Van Blarcom, Czarnecki, Fueredi and Wenzel, 1990: 95)

  17. Bert, Paul,法國人,發現減壓症的生理學家 http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-22453/Bert?articleTypeId=1

  18. 醫學上如何預防職業性減壓症? • 科學家發展出減壓表,包括Blackpool tables (Britain), Japanese tables (Japan), and the OSHA tables (US)

  19. 減壓表 http://www.ushero.org/ushero/docs/es/nfpa/1006/NFPA1006.htm

  20. 減壓表真的解決職業性減壓症嗎? • 1970s美國:33 percent of the workers had DCS because of using the OSHA tables during the construction of sewer tunnels in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Kindwall, 1988: 171). • 1980s 香港:83 percent of the workers using the new Blackpool tables during the construction of the Hong Kong subway also suffered from DCS (Kindwall, 1997: 338).

  21. 減壓表無法解決職業性減壓症的原因何在 – 醫學科學家如何參與減壓症之建構? • Kindwall (1988) 指出2個主因:knowledge limitations and management problems • knowledge limitations: there are no existing mathematical models that can accurately calculate decompression tables for a full range of exposure (Kindwall, 1988: 171) 曝露的壓力高於或工作表長於減壓表,以外插法計算出來的減壓時間無法保護工人。所以,香港地鐵工人4小時與8小時用相同的時間減壓(Kindwall, 1988: 170)

  22. 醫學科學家如建構知識不足的問題與對策? • 透過學術研究發出對策或警訊: • 對策:All of these tables appeared too short, however, evenoxygenused , when compared to computer data bank statistics. For these reasons, totally new tables had to be devised (Kindwall, 1988: 171). • 警訊:We felt that all previous decompression tables (OSHA) based on mathematical modeling were flawed. (Kindwall, 1997: 342)

  23. 醫學科學家如何建構管理問題? • 透過研究指出管理實務必須改善的重點;指出管理問題對制定減壓表的影響。 • The role of under-reporting: In the US, tunnel workers are reluctant to report for DCS treatment because they ‘are often asked to leave the job or move to other, low paying jobsif they report for treatment for the bends too often’ (Kindwall, 1988: 171). • 通報案例比較:具名通報率1.44 % ;匿名通報率26% (Kindwall, 1988: 171). • 指出日本、英國與美國政府不用氧氣減壓的理由錯誤:爆炸危害非主因,工人訓練不足與雇主未提供適當監督才是禍因(Kindwall, 1997: 343) 。

  24. 雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境?雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境? • the DORTS never considered competitors’ reputations in OHS management as one of bidding criteria when it proposed the contracting methods. • The faulty beginning: ANJ did not carry out pre-employment physical examination on time.

  25. 雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境?(續)雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境?(續) • ‘My pre-employment physical inspection was not carried out until I had worked for ten days. The reason was that you (a worker) could not go to have a health inspection individually as soon as you were employed. Examinations were carried out when there was a group of workers waiting for it. Due to labour shortage, examinations were ignored. When labour was plentiful, then they would perform it (the pre-employment health inspection) strictly.’ (1998)

  26. 雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境? (續) • OHS training: ‘In general, the company [Aoki/New Asia] arranged OHS training for workers of CH221 after they had worked at the [compressed] pit for two or three months; however, some of the workers never attended the training or passed the test. • The OHS training course usually took place off duty. As soon as the course ended, a license examination for compressed air work was carried out. Everyone could pass the test even if uneducated [workers]. (TAVOID and WLC, 1997c)’

  27. 雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境? (續) • the ANJ used the same concept of ‘grouping’ as they used in pre-employment physical examination to save cost and catch up schedule.

  28. 勞工如何在雇主的安全衛生管理中建構職業性減壓症的環境?(續)勞工如何在雇主的安全衛生管理中建構職業性減壓症的環境?(續) • ‘We did not understand [the compressed air work] at all. All of us asked Hong Kong colleagues to fill in the answer sheets for us during the examination. The purpose of the examination was to know what you [workers] had understood. If you passed then you were able to enter the [compressed] pit. (Su, 1999)’

  29. 勞工如何在雇主的安全衛生管理中建構職業性減壓症的環境?(續)勞工如何在雇主的安全衛生管理中建構職業性減壓症的環境?(續) • 我還年輕

  30. 雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境? 輪班工作 – 不合工時規定

  31. 雇主如何透過安全衛生管理建構職業性減壓症的環境?- 加減壓不合規定 • At the very beginning, the times of compression and decompression were about 30 minutes each. Later on, it became shorter and shorter - the compression was completed in between three and ten minutes, and the decompression time was about 15 minutes on average (TAVOID and WLC, 1997c). • In Hong Kong, the compressed-air workers [constructing the underground] worked four hours per day. They had two hours decompression time, then did not work again. (Su, 1999)

  32. 醫師如何建構職業性減壓症的環境? 透過醫療過程

  33. 醫療:治療減壓症的高壓氧艙–單人 http://www.stacl.com/ahc/photo/DSC00031.JPG

  34. 醫療:治療減壓症的高壓氧艙–單人 http://www.transmedic.com.tw/hbointro.html

  35. 醫療:治療減壓症的高壓氧艙 –多人 http://www.stacl.com/ahc/photo/chambera.jpg

  36. 醫療:治療減壓症的高壓氧艙 –多人 http://www.transmedic.com.tw/hbointro.html

  37. 醫師如何建構職業性減壓症的環境? 口頭告誡 • I could not tolerate it and as soon as I arrived back from Australia I went to Keelong Navy Hospital. The Department Director of Hyper Oxygen Therapy told me ‘You must not get on the flight until 24 hours after you come off duty. The aircraft is also a compression cabin. Therefore, you had to ache like this.’ (Su, 1999)

  38. 國家如何建構職業性減壓症的環境? • According to two inspection notices issued by the LII for the CH221 construction between 9th December 1993 and 5th August 1995, when the ANJ was carrying out the compressed air tunneling, there was no record that said that either ANJ or JCCEC inadequately carried out the compressed air work (LII, 1994 and 1995a).

  39. 國家如何建構職業性減壓症的環境? • The inspectors visitedCH221 and carried out inspections 7 times but they stayed outside the compressed air tunnel. That is how the ANJ boldly connived to avoid and delay pre-employment physical examinations, OHS training, regular health examinations, shortening decompression times and keeping DCS workers at work too soon after therapy.

  40. 回到主題:小組討論 • 請以四人為一組,再次討論一下,「職業性減壓症是如何產生的」,並分別記錄小組成員的看法?

  41. 一個大家可以再深入討論的問題 • 職業性疾病的社會建構過程中,醫學專業者可以參與的作為何在?

  42. 外包與職業安全衛生的關係 • 下包商的安全衛生條件遠差於母廠業主;其職災率高於母廠業主(Wokutch, 1990: 132; 1992: 78) • UNISON (英國一個主要的工會)宣稱,自來水產業的承攬商為對工人提供合法的安全衛生條件,例如在具危害氣體的環境中工作為工呼吸器具(Labour Research, 1995: 16) • Qinlan 等人回顧93篇有關安全衛生的研究發現,29個涉及外包的研究中,有23個屬於負面的結果(從職災率、疾病風險、危害曝露、法規責任以及勞工/管理者的知識來看)(Qinlan et al., 2001: 335-414)

  43. 外包與職業安全衛生的關係 – 管理責任 • 法規要求母廠需則負監督管理責任,但實務上雇主僅盡到第一層外包單位的責任(Wokutch, 1990: 132; 1992: 78) 。 • 有的國家甚至不願意修改法規以對不守法雇主起訴以強化安全衛生管理責任(Mayhew et al., 1997: 196; Bohle et al., 2000: 34) 。

  44. 台灣有關外包與職業安全衛生管理的關係 – 管理責任 • 安全衛生法要求涉及外包關係的雇主需要負起安全衛生管理責任;違法者會面臨處罰

  45. 做為職業衛生專業者在此過程中的角色為何? • 外包關係來看:疾病史詳載病人所屬事業單位的外包關係與作業過程有助於釐清病發原因。

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