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Church History 900-1500

Church History 900-1500. Lecture 3 Ann T. Orlando 20 January 2005. Introduction. Review 8 th and 9 th Centuries Political Situation in Middle Ages Spiritual Movements: Monasticism Intellectual Movements: Scholasticism Artistic Movements Looking ahead to Reformation and Modernity

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Church History 900-1500

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  1. Church History900-1500 Lecture 3 Ann T. Orlando 20 January 2005 latest revision 1/19/05

  2. Introduction • Review 8th and 9th Centuries • Political Situation in Middle Ages • Spiritual Movements: Monasticism • Intellectual Movements: Scholasticism • Artistic Movements • Looking ahead to Reformation and Modernity • NB ‘Middle Ages’ is a Renaissance term for this period. It has a pejorative connotation; between or in the middle between the great ancient Roman period and ‘modern’ period; people of this time considered themselves part of Christendom latest revision 1/19/05

  3. Review from Lecture 2 • Charlemagne • United Western Europe • Crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 • After Charlemagne • Kingdom divided between his sons • Infighting among them led to fracturing of political unity in Europe • Viking invasions • Started during Charlemagne’s rule • Terrorized Ireland, England, northern and Western Europe, and Russia for 100 years • Eventually abated with Christian missionary activities latest revision 1/19/05

  4. Political Situation 900 – 1500Three Themes • 1. Summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’ • Goes back to Charlemagne being crowned by Pope • Example in Constantinople: Emperor, not Patriarch firmly in charge • Recognized primary of Pope (East and West) as successor of Peter • 2. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds with each other • 3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades) latest revision 1/19/05

  5. 1. Milestones of Papal-Western Imperial Confrontations • Otto the Great, King of East Franks (Germans), King/Emperor 936-973 • Made bishops civil officials within his kingdom • Emperor gives the bishop the civil and religious symbols of his office • Celibacy of bishops meant he did not have to worry about competing families to his own • Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope, in return agreement that no Pope could be elected without consent of Emperor • Beginning of ‘lay investiture’ controversy • Pontificate of Gregory VII (1073-1085) • Church reform; Gregory had been a monk at Cluny • Assertion of Papal primacy, Dictatus Papae; Emperor cannot invest bishops with symbols of office, or participate in election of Pope • Opposed simony (sale of religious offices) • Excommunicated Emperor Henry IV; Henry repents at Canossa • Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216) • Maintained that all kings were vassals of Pope • Challenged by King John in England; Innocent placed an interdict on England, saying that people were not obliged to acknowledge John as King • John repents and acknowledges his position as vassal to Pope • John, in a now weakened position, is forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta latest revision 1/19/05

  6. Milestones (cont.) • Pontificate of Boniface VIII (1294-1303) • Philip the Fair of France refuses to acknowledge ultimate Papal authority • Boniface responds with ‘The two swords of religious and political power belong to Pope’ Unam Sanctam • Philip burns the encyclical • Boniface prepares to excommunicate Philip, when Philip’s supporters capture Boniface VIII; parade him sitting backward on a horse • Boniface dies shortly thereafter • French select next Pope, Clement V. This begins the ‘Avignon Papacy”; under French control 1378 • Starting in 1378 multiple claimants to papacy, primarily divided between Italian and French interests; period usually referred to as the Great Western Schism • Attempts to reform papal-civil relations through a series of councils in 15th C (Conciliar Movement) • Church reformers treated as enemies of both Church and State • John Wycliffe in England • John Huss in Bohemia, burned at stake 1415 • NB: 1347-1370 time of Great Plague in Europe, leading to extensive social disruption and despair latest revision 1/19/05

  7. 2. Political Relations between Eastern and Western Christendom • Back to Charlemagne (800) • In East, an Empress, Irene, takes control of Constantinople • Pope Leo refuses to recognize her ascendancy to throne; strikes her name from prayers at Mass; last Eastern Emperor to be included in liturgy • Charlemagne and Irene consider marrying, but falls through • Throughout this period, East insists that there is only one Roman Emperor: the one in Constantinople • Mutual excommunication of Pope and Patriarch in 1054 (lifted by Pope and Patriarch in 1964) • Fourth Crusade, 1204, invades and sacks Constantinople; Venetians control Constantinople until 1294 • Eastern emperor seeks aid against Turks from West; promised at Council of Florence in 1439 in return for East accepting Western doctrine, rituals, and primacy of Pope • Only ‘help’ actually delivered to Constantinople was some priests • In May 1453, with Turks about to capture Constantinople, Eastern Emperor and Patriarch repudiate Council of Florence • Constantinople captured May 29, 1453 • End of Roman Empire latest revision 1/19/05

  8. 3. The Crusades • Initially driven by desire to secure places of pilgrimage • Pilgrimage was important from time of Constantine • Undertaken as an act of penance • Popular places of pilgrimage: Santiago, Tours, Rome, Holy Land; anyplace where saints were buried • First Crusade called by Urban II in 1095, Jerusalem captured in 1099 • Second Crusade preached by Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146; military disaster for Europeans; Jerusalem recaptured by Moslem armies • Third Crusade 1189-1192, inconclusive militarily • Fourth Crusade, 1204, proclaimed by Innocent III, stopped with sack of Constantinople, never reached Palestine • Children’s Crusade of 1212; pre-teenage children went to Holy Land and were slaughtered or taken as slaves; led by 10 year olds • Fifth Crusade, 1228-1229, led by Emperor Fredrick II; briefly retook Jerusalem • Sixth and last Crusade, 1248-1254, led by King Louis IX of France (later proclaimed saint) who taken captive and eventually ransomed • NOT A CRUSADE, but nonetheless very important: final expulsion of Muslims from Spain in 1492 latest revision 1/19/05

  9. Spiritual Movements: Monasticism • Charter for Foundation of Cluny, 910 • Return to Benedict’s Rule; especially reading of Divine Office • Neglected physical work for prayer and study • Established a series of daughter monasteries under the direction fo the abbot of Cluny • While monks were poor, monasteries became wealthy • Encouraged development of visual arts in service of religion • Reform of Cluny: Cistercians • Founded by Robert Molesme at Citeaux 1099 • Return to strict adherence to Benedict’s Rule • Each monastery independent • Bernard of Clairvaux most famous Cistercian (1090-1153) • Modern day Trappists; Spencer, MA. latest revision 1/19/05

  10. Spiritual Movements: Franciscans • Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) • Total embrace of ‘Lady Poverty’, not ‘Lady Wisdom’ as way of life • Francis’ Rule emphasizes walking in poverty in the footsteps of Jesus; mendicants • Order recognized by Innocent III • Stigmata as a sign of Francis’ identification with Jesus • After Francis • Franciscans become more organized, intellectual, wealthy • Bonaventure (1221-1274) describes Franciscan way of life in philosophical terms latest revision 1/19/05

  11. Locus for learning: Universities Grew out of Cathedral Schools Most famous, Paris (Sorbonne) Very international Universities and the Church were very ‘democratic’; any man with ability could rise very high Dominicans Founded by Dominic (1170-1221) Founded in response to Albingensian Heresy Order of Preachers, charged by Pope with combating errors; led to Inquisition Most famous Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Intellectual Movements: Scholasticism latest revision 1/19/05

  12. Thomas AquinasAngelic Doctor • Developed systematic approach to theology using Aristotelian methods (Aristotle as the Philosopher in the Summa) • Relied on newly available Greek works from Jewish and Moslem sources; Moses Maimonides, Averrhoes • Very different from theological approach since Augustine • Needed to show that his theological conclusions were consistent with Augustine • Two great works: Summa Theologica (theological) or Theologiae (theology); Summa Contra Gentiles • But he also wrote beautiful songs, especially in praise of Eucharist (one of which we sing at Benediction, and another during Holy Thursday) latest revision 1/19/05

  13. Example: Transubstantiation • Relies on Aristotle’s TheCategories • Philosophical idea of substance, accidents • Substance: what things really are, their essence • Accidents: how they appear to senses, properties that are incidental, weight, color, taste • Augustine has bad things to say about The Categories in Confessions (IV.28-31) • According to Aquinas (Catholic Church doctrine), Christ becomes fully present in the Eucharist when • the substance of bread and wine is transformed into His own substance • only the accidents (color, texture, taste) of the bread and wine remain latest revision 1/19/05

  14. Adoro Te Devoteby Thomas Aquinas Godhead here in hiding, whom I do adore Masked by these bare shadows, shape and nothing more, See, Lord, at thy service low lies here a heart Lost, all lost in wonder at the God thou art. Seeing, touching, tasting are in thee deceived; How says trusty hearing? that shall be believed; What God's Son has told me, take for truth I do; Truth himself speaks truly or there's nothing true. From CCC translated by Gerard Manley Hopkins latest revision 1/19/05

  15. Catholic Art Movements • Romanesque: 10, 11th C • Impact of Cluny • Example: Vezelay (where Bernard preached 2nd Crusade) http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/vezelay.html • Gothic: 12, 13, 14 th C • Impact of Devotion to Mary • Example: Chartres http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/chartres.html • Renaissance 15, 16 th C • Epicenter: Florence • http://www.learner.org/exhibits/renaissance/florence_sub2.html • Baroque 17 th C • Epicenter: Renewed, reinvigorated Papal Rome • http://www.christusrex.org/www1/citta/0-Citta.html latest revision 1/19/05

  16. Looking Ahead • Reformation and Counter Reformation • Missionary activities during age of Discovery • Enlightenment • American and French Revolutions • Vatican I and Vatican II latest revision 1/19/05

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