Ch. 3

1. Ch. 3

2. Migration Migration – A change in residence that is intended to be permanent. Little Haiti, Miami, Florida

3. Movement changes places- • Both the places the people left and the places where they go

4. Movement • Cyclic Movement – movement away from home for a short period. • Commuting • Seasonal movement • Periodic Movement – movement away from home for a longer period. • Migrant labor • Transhumance (moving livestock according to seasonal availability of pastures) • Military service

5. International Migration – Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).

6. Emigration v. Immigration • When a migrant leaves the home country, he or she is classified as an emigrant • (one who migrates out) • When the same migrant enters a new country, he or she is classified as an immigrant • (one who migrates in)

7. Internal Migration - Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence).

8. Why do People Migrate?

9. Why do People Migrate? • Forced Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. • The Atlantic Slave Trade • Tens of millions (12-30 mil) of Africans were carried to South America, the Caribbean, and North America, with huge loss of life • Voluntary Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunity, not force.

10. Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade

11. Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go. Distance Decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.

12. Kinds of Voluntary Migration • Step Migration – When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination. example: peasant family goes from fields to village to a town, then to a city, and finally to a metropolis area * intervening opportunity–at one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there. • Chain Migration – When a migrant communicates to family and friends at home, encouraging further migration along the same path, along kinship links. Results in urban ethnic enclaves

13. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration • 1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration • 2. The majority of migrants move a short distance • 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations • 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas • 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

14. Types of Push and Pull Factors Economic Conditions Political Circumstances Armed Conflict and Civil War Environmental Conditions Culture and Traditions Technological Advances

15. Economic Conditions – Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind.

16. Environmental Conditions – In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.

17. Where do People Migrate? Different scales: Global Regional national

18. Global Migration Flows • Between 1500 and 1950, major global migration flows were influenced largely by: • Exploration • Colonization • The Atlantic Slave Trade • Impacts the place the migrants leave and where the migrants go.

19. Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950

20. Regional Migration Flows • Migrants go to neighboring countries: - for short term economic opportunities. - to reconnect with cultural groups across borders. - to flee political conflict or war.

21. Economic Opportunities Islands of Development – Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.

22. Economic Opportunities In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

23. National Migration Flows • Also known as internal migration - eg. US, Russia, Mexico

24. Guest Workers • Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides. - have short term work visas - send remittances to home country

25. Refugees A person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

26. Refugees • International refugees- move outside of their home state to flee a perceived or actual threat. • Example: Syrians fleeing to Turkey • Example: After the Taliban was created in Pakistan, over 2.5 million Afghanis fled to Iran • Internal refugees- move within their home state to flee a perceived or actual threat. • Example: Hurricane Katrina victims

27. Regions of Dislocation –What regions generate the most refugees? • Subsaharan Africa • About 8 million “official” refugees. • Rwanda and the Hutu-Tutsi strife • Darfur and South Sudan • North Africa and Southwest Asia • Afghanistan and the Taliban led refugees to flee to Iran • Syrian Civil War • South Asia • Pakistan accommodating Afghanistan’s forced emigrants and Civil War in Sri Lanka • Southeast Asia • Vietnam War, violence, and the Myanmar minority • Europe • End of WWI and the Collapse of Yugoslavia into 7 different countries

28. The Sudan – Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to more than 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.

30. Understanding the refugee problem

31. How do Governments Affect Migration?

32. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration • Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration of certain groups into a country. • Example: The Oriental Exclusion Acts (1882-1907) to prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California • Quotas limit the number of migrants from each region into a country. • Example: limiting the amount of immigrants from Europe to 3% of the number of its nationals living in the U.S. • A country uses selective immigration to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering. • Criminal records, poor health, subversive activities

33. Waves of Immigration Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration. US Immigration- History Of

34. An Asylum Seeker is a refugee who has applied to be able to work in their new country that they fled to. This could potentially speed up the process of becoming a citizen. This is also a more ‘legal’ way to live in the country you fled to.

35. Post-September 11 The map below shows the countries from which asylum seekers are automatically detained by the U.S. Government. This is because al-Qaeda or other terrorist groups are known to operate to some extent there.

36. The Rust Belt Ohio, Indiana, michigan, and pennsylvania

37. The Rust Belt • In the 1960s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and midwestern cities to the South and to the West Coast • Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Pennsylvania were previously industrial powerhouses with vibrant economies • Now, factories were closing down and people were losing their jobs

38. The Corn Belt • North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, *Illinois, *Indiana, Ohio

39. The Cotton Belt What the south used to be known as because of agrarian poverty and backwardness

40. The Cotton Belt • States known for growing and distributing cotton • Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina

41. The Sun Belt What the south, along with parts of the southwest became The land of new opportunity

42. The Sun Belt • Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina • Texas, Arizona, Nevada, and Southern California • Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama • Experiencing large population growth • 1960s- growth spreading to places like Phoenix, Las Vegas, Dallas, Miami, Tampa, Austin, and Nashville

44. Warm-Up Question • Refugees are produced through • A) cultural migration. • B) forced migration. • C) internal migration. • D) economic migration. • E) chain migration.

45. Warm- Up Question • Which one of the following statements is a law of migration according to E.G. Ravenstein? • A) Most migration is urban to rural. • B) Most migrants move a great distance. • C) Every migration flow creates a return or counter migration. • D) Most migrants consist of families. • E) Most international migrants are senior citizens.

46. Warm-Up Question • Which of the following is the result of chain migration? • A) The African slave trade • B) French colonial rule • C) The formation of Israel • D) San Francisco’s Chinatown • E) Colonization of the American frontier

47. Warm- Up Question • Millions of ________ came to the United States during the early years of the 20th century. • A) suburbanites • B) emigrants • C) immigrants • D) refugees • E) colonists