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Acknowledgements

Determination of Clearance Distances for Venting of Hydrogen Storage Andrei Tchouvelev, Pierre Benard, Vlad Agranat and Zhong Cheng. Acknowledgements. Work partially supported by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) CTFCA Clearance Distance Project

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Acknowledgements

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  1. Determination of Clearance Distances for Venting of Hydrogen Storage Andrei Tchouvelev, Pierre Benard, Vlad Agranat and Zhong Cheng

  2. Acknowledgements • Work partially supported by • Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) CTFCA Clearance Distance Project • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Industrial Research Fellowship

  3. Introduction • Part of Hydrogen Clearance Distances Project under Canadian Transportation Fuel Cell Alliance (CTFCA) • R&D study with practical application: contribute to development of model codes and engineering guidelines for design of vent stacks for hydrogen venting under conditions of a hydrogen energy station • Innovative approach: • Clearance distances related to venting of hydrogen storage were differentiated between distances to people and equipment (at 1.8 m above ground) and distances to air intakes and ignition sources (located above the top of a vent stack) • Recommended clearance distances are based on extents of 100% LFL hydrogen concentration envelopes plus 25% safety factor • Obtained tables and graphs were based on CFD modeling of hydrogen releases and dispersion, implemented through the PHOENICS software package and on thermal effects analysis using TNO “Yellow Book” recommendations

  4. International Fire Code, Section 2209

  5. Thermal Level Standards for Hazard Assessment

  6. API Recommended Practice 521 • “Flame length varies with emission velocity and heat release. Information on the subject is limited and is usually based on VISUAL observations in connection with emergency discharges from flares. Figures 8 and 9 were developed from some PLANT-SCALE experimental work on flame lengths covering relatively high release rates of various mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons”.

  7. API Recommended Practice 521

  8. Hydrogen Release from Vent Stack:2000 CFM, 30 ft/s (9.14 m/s) wind

  9. Hydrogen Release from Vent Stack:2000 CFM, 30 ft/s (9.14 m/s) wind

  10. Clearance Distances Based on Concentration Envelopes

  11. Recommended Clearance Distances For Ignition Sources Above Vent Stack Top

  12. Clearance Distances Based on Thermal Effects Sonic flows correspond to lowest stack diameter in each flow rate range. It is interesting that the best sonic (coloured green) and subsonic (coloured yellow) results in terms of distances to 1,500 BTU/ft2 for each flow rate range are quite close to each other. This indicates that if an appropriate height of the vent stack is selected, the stack orifice will not materially affect the clearance distance.

  13. Recommended Clearance Distances Based on Thermal Effects

  14. Summary • Clearance distances related to venting of hydrogen storage were derived using both thermal effects and concentration envelope approaches • Obtained tables and graphs were based on thermal effects analysis using TNO “Yellow Book” recommendations and CFD modeling of hydrogen releases and dispersion, implemented through the PHOENICS software package • Obtained results provide comprehensive guidance to both design engineers and regulatory authorities to design and provide regulatory approvals for placement of hydrogen storage systems vent stacks

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