Macromolecules Nancy Dow Kathrine Alexander

1. Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant) Macromolecules Nancy Dow Kathrine Alexander

2. Pre-test Breaks Explanation of Q & A boards Asking questions Our approach to the standards & to this lesson

3. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards • SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. (MODERATE) Example of a chemical formula : C6H12O6 Example of a molecular structure:

4. Item Specs • BENCHMARK SC.912.L.18.1 Benchmark Clarifications Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. Students will describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms. Content Limits Items will not refer to intermolecular forces found in the four types of macromolecules. Items will not assess hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

5. Bell ringer We really are what we eat! How does that stuff get to be part of what we are?

6. Elements of Life • 96% of living organisms is made of: • carbon (C) • oxygen (O) • hydrogen (H) • nitrogen (N) 3

7. Molecules of Life • Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms • What are bodies made of? • carbohydrates • sugars & starches • proteins • fats (lipids) • nucleic acids • DNA, RNA 4

8. Don’t forget water • Water • 65% of your body is H2O • water is inorganic • doesn’t contain carbon • Rest of you is made of carbon molecules • organic molecules • carbohydrates • proteins • fats • nucleic acids 5

9. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring 6

10. Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers. • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. 7

11. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 8

12. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monosaccharides are simple sugars.(monomer) • Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. (polymer) 9

13. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. 10

14. Monomers and Polymers • Monomers combine to form Polymers through the process of Dehydration Synthesis.

15. Let’s make some polymers!!!! • …and break them apart to form monomers again. Use the patterns of glucose molecules to build a model of dehydration synthesis. Remember to keep H’s and OH’s that you may remove in order to show that water is also a product of this reaction.

16. The reverse process of Dehydration Synthesis is Hydrolysis. Dehydration – loose water Synthesis – to build or make Hydro – water Lysis – to burst or break What do you need to do to your model to show hydrolysis?

17. Triglyceride • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. 11

18. broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • Lipids have several different functions. • used to make hormones 12

19. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. 16

20. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. 17

21. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. 18

22. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen. The structure of hemoglobin depends on hydrogen bonds between specific amino acids. Just one amino acid change causes red blood cells to have the curved shape characteristic of sickle cell anemia. (colored SEM; magnification 3500 X)

23. Functions of proteins • Functions—many, including enzymes, oxygen transport, and muscle movement

24. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. 20

25. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. 21

26. DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • DNA stores genetic information. • RNA transfers genetic information. 22

27. DNA vs. RNA • Pentose sugars – 5 carbon sugars

28. DNA vs. RNA:Shape • Double Helix Single strand

29. DNA vs. RNA:Nitrogenous Bases

30. Macromolecule Matching Complete macromolecule chart Complete Compare/Contrast

31. Tests for Organic CompoundsLab Assign different portion of procedures to each group. Experiment Compile Data. Analyze Data.

32. SC.912.L.18.11* Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity. (MODERATE)

33. Item Specs • BENCHMARK SC.912.L.18.1 Benchmark Clarifications Students will explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of environmental factors on enzyme activity. Content Limits Items referring to the role of enzymes as catalysts will use a biological context and not require knowledge of specific enzymes. Items referring to the factors that affect enzyme activity are limited to concentration, pH, and temperature. Items will not require specific knowledge of how an enzyme reacts at a certain pH or temperature. Items will not assess the enzyme-substrate complex.

34. Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that have a particular shape and structure. Site of Activation

35. Characteristics of enzymes Enzymes are specific – Lock and Key Model Enzymes are biological catalysts – they speed up chemical reactions without being used up. Enzymes work at optimum temperatures and pH. What do you think is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the human body?

36. Characteristics of enzymes Enzymes can be denatured – destroyed. 1. Increase the temperature or 2. Change the pH Cooling or Freezing will slow the enzyme down, but will not denature it.

37. Substrate binds to enzyme. 1 Active site is available for a molecule of substrate, the reactant on which the enzyme acts. 2 2 Substrate (lactose) Glucose Enzyme (lactase) OH H2O galactose H O 4 Products are released. 3 Substrate is converted to products. Figure 5.16 Enzymes • Are a type of protein that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions Enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme-product complex

38. Rate of Reaction Rate of enzyme reactions are based on random collision of molecules – enzyme and substrate molecules. What effect would substrate concentration have on the rate of reaction? What happens to the rate of reaction as the substrate molecules are catalyzed? What happens to the enzyme molecules?

39. Let’s watch some enzyme reactions. 2H2O2 H2O + O2

40. Effect of Enzyme on Reaction Rate

41. Reactants Amount of energy released Energy Free energy Products Progress of the reaction (a) Exothermic reaction: energy released Products Amount of energy released Energy Free energy Reactants Progress of the reaction (b) Endothermic reaction: energy required

42. Enzyme Catalysis Lab Assign different portion of procedures to each group. Experiment Compile Data. Analyze Data.

43. Follow up • Q/A Board • Problem solving issues in class • Demo Toothpick-ase Lab • Highlight Lactase Lab

44. Post Test