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Hangforrasok: A glottis (gegefo) – (kvazi)-periodikus forras magan- vagy fel-maganhangzokhoz
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Hangforrasok: • A glottis (gegefo) – (kvazi)-periodikus forras magan- vagy fel-maganhangzokhoz • Az osszeszoritott beszedcsatorna (hangcso) es az azon keresztul atpreselt levego – aperiodikus hosszu (kontinuans zongetlen massalhangzoknal) vagy rovid (ploziv zongetlen massalhangzoknal) idotartamu forras • Az elozo ketto kombinacioja (zongeses massalhangzok) • Egyeb (csattanas, hehezet, stb.) • A kulonfele hangok akusztikai jellegzetessegei (hangkep, burkolatfluktuacio) termeszetesen utalnak azok eszlelesenek hallasi elofelteteleire, de azt is sugalljak, hogy a beszedgerjeszto es a hallasi apparatusok parhuzamosan es kolcsonosen egymast optimizalva fejlodtek ki, pl. meg odaig is, hogy a lefele meno F1-F2 formans par (a labializalas jele) lassabban tortenik, mint az ellenkezoje, a hallasi csatornak idoallandoinak megfeleloen.
A beszed letrejotte (Rene’ Carre’, CNRS Paris) A “Distinctive Region Model” (DRM) – Mrayati & Carre (1988) Minden a vokalis traktustol fugg, ami egy 18 cm-es cso Az izmok a cso korul es a cso plaszticitasa lehetove teszik, hogy keresztmetszetet (=“area function”) akarhol megvaltoztathassa, es ezaltal rezonans/antirezonans uregeket (polusokkal es nullakkal) letrehozzon. A csovet atalakito mozdulatok (“speech gestures”) azok, amelyekbol a beszed keletkezik. A beszed tehat egy dinamikus jelenseg, a cso statikus allapotai csak atmenetiek es kizarolag a dinamikabol folynak.
The DRM – a brief description Deductive approach: the characteristics of speech signal are deduced from the characteristics of the production and perception systems; the characteristics of the production and perception systems are deduced from general principles (maximum acoustic contrast, economy of effort, simplicity) applied on an acoustic tube.
initial area function A0(n) of closed-open tube corresponding sensitivity function for the first formant S0F1(n). In the figure, as shown by the arrow, an increasing ΔA/A of 5% leads to positive first formant variation the initial area function A0(n) (thin line) and the new shape A1(n) (thick line) obtained with the algorithm
100 Area function (cm2) 10 1 output 0.1 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 a) Area function (cm2) 100 10 1 output 0.1 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 Frequency (Hz) 3000 2000 F2 1000 F1 0 Iterations 0 2 4 6 8 10 c) 3000 F2(Hz) 2000 1000 0 F1(Hz) 0 500 1000 the corresponding formant variations as a function of iterations – increasing: solid line; decreasing: broken line Automatic deformations during 10 iterations of an initial closed-open tube shape (neutral tube) in order to increase or decrease F1 (logarithmic scale) b) d)
20 Area function (cm2) 15 10 5 output 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 a) 20 Area function (cm2) 15 10 output 5 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 Frequency (Hz) 3000 2000 F2 1000 F1 0 Iterations 0 2 4 6 8 10 c) 3000 F2(Hz) 2000 1000 0 F1(Hz) 0 500 1000 Automatic deformations of an initial closed-open tube shape (neutral tube) in order to increase or decrease F2 the corresponding formant variations during 10 iterations b) d)
20 Area function (cm2) 15 10 output 5 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 a) 20 Area function (cm2) 15 output 10 5 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 Frequency (Hz) 3000 2000 F2 1000 F1 0 Iterations 0 2 4 6 8 10 c) 3000 F2(Hz) 2000 1000 0 F1(Hz) 0 500 1000 Automatic deformations of an initial closed-closed tube shape (neutral tube) in order to increase or decrease F2 the corresponding formant variations b) d)
The DRM model with 4 regions the formant variations associated with an increase of the area of region the corresponding schematic formant trajectories in the F1-F2 plane. The DRM command – formant relation is pseudo-orthogonal
20 Area function (cm2) 15 10 glottis lips 5 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 a) Area function (cm2) 20 15 10 lips 5 glottis 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 3000 Frequency (Hz) 2000 F2 1000 F1 0 Iterations 0 2 4 6 8 10 c) F2(Hz) 3000 [i] 2000 [a] 1000 [u] 0 F1(Hz) 0 500 1000 Automatic deformations of an initial closed-open tube shape (neutral tube with larynx cavity) in order to increase or decrease F1 the corresponding formant variations b) d)
20 Area function (cm2) 15 10 glottis lips 5 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 a) Area function (cm2) 20 15 10 lips 5 glottis 0 length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 3000 Frequency (Hz) 2000 F2 1000 F1 0 Iterations 0 2 4 6 8 10 c) F2(Hz) 3000 [i] 2000 [a] 1000 [u] 0 F1(Hz) 0 500 1000 Automatic deformations of an initial closed-open tube shape (neutral tube with larynx cavity) in order to increase or decrease F2 the corresponding formant variations b) d)
Automatic deformations (10 iterations) of an initial closed-open tube shape (neutral tube with larynx cavity) in order to increase or decrease both F1 and F2; the results are represented in the F1-F2 plane Same, but to increase F1 and decrease F2 or vice-versa
Deformation of a crude [i] configuration in order to increase automatically F1 representation in the F1-F2 plane, note that at the end of this deformation gesture [a] is reached
The eight DRM regions and the vocal tract. R1 corresponds to the larynx cavity, R3, R4, R5, R6 to the tongue, R7 to the teeth and R8 to the lips
The eight DRM regions and the vocal and consonant places of articulation
A masalhangzok kepzesi helyenek megkulomboztetese egy harmadik formans jelenletet koveteli Mivel ket formans kozel egymashoz perceptualisan egybeolvadhat (pl. F1-F2 az /u/ vagy az /r/ eseten es F2-F3 az /i/ es az /l/ eseten), az atmenet dinamikaja fogja a formans jelenletet jelolni a hallgatonak
Zajban tovabbadott beszed az elfedes aszimmetriaja miatt leginkabb az F3-ra szorulo massalhangzok eszleleset akadalyozza leginkabb A beszed megerteset a beszed nagyfoku redundanciaja segiti elo Redundancia: fonetikai szegmentalis szupraszegmentalis (hanglejtes, hangsuly, prozodia) szemantikai helyzethez kotott Informacio elmelet, kodolas ******* Mindez nagyon megserul egy koktelparti szituacioban, ahol a zaj is beszed (beszed tomegzajban vagy eros visszhangban)
