Unit 4 Dealing With

1. Unit 4 Dealing With

2. Contents • A. Text one • I. Pre-reading: • (I) Warm-up questions • (II) Background information • II. While-reading: Text Analysis • (I) Structure analysis • (II) Comprehension questions • (III) Language points • (IV) Difficult sentences • III. Post-Reading: • (I) Grammatical items • (II) Translation Exercises • (III) Oral activities • (IV) Writing practice • B. Text two • （I）Questions for text comprehension • （II）Language points

3. Pre-reading: (I) warm-up questions A. text one • I. Pre-reading: • (I) warm-up questions • What do you know about AIDS? • How much do you know about 2003’s SARS attack?

4. 1. How Is HIV Infection Spread? Sexual intercourse Direct contact with infected blood Through injected drugs. (drug abuser) In a health-care setting (from patient to doctor with needle) Through a blood transfusion (Today, because of blood screening血液筛查 and heat treatment, the risk is extremely small. ) From an infected mother to her unborn child Pre-reading: (II)Background information (II). Background Information

5. Pre-reading: (II)Background information • 2. What Are The Symptoms Of AIDS? • early • Fever ; Rash 皮疹; Headache; Loss of appetite ; enlarged lymph nodes 淋巴结; • Achy muscles and joints • later • Night sweats ; Skin lesion; joint pain; bone pain; Blurred vision; Short-term memory loss

6. Pre-reading: (II)Background information • 3. How Can The Spread Of AIDS Be Prevented? • Safer sex practices • Use condoms • Avoid sexual contact with any partner whose sexual history is unknown • Avoiding sharing needles in drug use • Minimizing HIV infection from medical procedures

7. Pre-reading: (II)Background information No • 4. Frequently asked questions: • Can HIV be spread by casual contact, such as touching or hugging? • Should I avoid sharing personal hygiene items, like razors or toothbrushes? • What if I eat at a restaurant where a cook or a waiter has AIDS? Am I at risk? • Can HIV be spread through sharing household items such as utensils, towels, and bedding? • Can HIV be spread through kissing? • Can HIV be spread through sweat or tears? • Is it safe to sharing facilities such as swimming pools, or toilets with HIV-infected people ? • Can HIV be spread through coughs or sneezes? • Can HIV be spread by mosquitoes? Yes. No. No. Generally No. No No No No

8. While-reading: (I) Structure analysis • II. While-reading: Text Analysis • (I) Structure analysis Part 1 ( paragraph 1 ) Paragraph 1 is the beginning of the text. The first sentence asserts the beneficial result from dealing with AIDS, which may be considered the enlightening message of the text. This paragraph also makes clear the exact date when the word AIDS came into the writer's life. Besides, the writer tells us that he had been the most carefree boy in the world until AIDS became known to him.

9. While-reading: (I) Structure analysis • Part 2 ( paragraph 2 –4 ) • These paragraphs form the second part of the text. Paragraph 2 tells us how the writer had tried to get in touch with David, his best friend, and how the writer finally got to know the fact that his friend was suffering from AIDS. • Paragraph 3 describes how the writer felt about his friend's fatal disease, and how his friend caught the disease. It also points out that even his par­ents could not do anything about his friend's illness and that he had to deal with it all on his own. • Paragraph 4 describes how others responded to David's disease, what attitude the writer adopted towards it and why others stayed away from both David and the writer.

10. While-reading: (I) Structure analysis • Part 3 ( paragraph 5 ---7 ) • Paragraphs 5 - 7, the third part of the text, tell us that the writer kept an active and positive attitude for the sake of his friend David and showed great concern for him. • To be more specific, the writer contained his emotions in front of his friend; he went to doctor after doctor with him, brought him stuff from the ocean, his favorite place; he spent every hour he could accompanying his friend in the hospital where his friend was being treated until David's last breath.

11. While-reading: (I) Structure analysis • Part 4 ( paragraph 8 ) • This paragraph, the concluding part, points out the specific date that marked the end of David's life, describes the writer's emotions towards David's death, and informs us how the writer keeps his friend's memory alive.

12. While-reading: (II) Comprehension questions • (II) Comprehension questions • 1: What is the first sentence about? What is its function? • significance/ beneficial results of dealing with AIDS (theme, purpose of the writer) • ――strengthen the bonds; encourage the growth • 2: What’s the function of the last two sentences? • The last sentence is a fragment, its part of the preceding sentence, here is for emphasis. Both invincible and the part of until are emphasized.

13. While-reading: (II) Comprehension questions • 3. Why did David hang up the author’s phone? • He caught AIDS, not knowing what to do. He was not interested in anything, unwilling to talk to anybody, even the best friend. He didn’t want his friend to know about his fatal disease or to worry for his. • 4. How did David catch AIDS? • Unprotected sex. • 5. What’s the author’s attitude towards David? • Friendly. He thought their friendship meant everything to him. He couldn’t leave him when his friend needed him most.

14. 6. How did other people react to David’sillness? • As if he had a plague and tried to avoid him. They even wanted nothing to do with me. • 7.Can you find some words or phrases to describe David’s disease and health? • full blown AIDS; lose weight; purple lesions; pale; bedridden; bubble • 8. Can you give some examples to show I was his best friend? • Accompany him to see the doctor; keep a positive attitude; conceal all my emotions; bring gifts for him from his favorite place, spend every hour with him; worry for him

15. While-reading: （III） Language points • （III） Language points 1. dealing with AIDS: taking action against AIDS 2. strengthen : become or make strong or increase the strength of e.g. The soldiers strengthened their defenses. We have strengthened our national economy and contained the inflation The wind hadstrengthenedovernight.

16. While-reading: （III） Language points 3. bond 1) something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences e.g. Common tastes form abond between the two men.  共同的爱好使两人结交为朋友。 2) a written agreement or promise that has legal force e.g. We entered into a solemn bond with them.我们缔结了一项正式协定.

17. While-reading: （III） Language points 4. mature:maturation 1).fully grown or developed mentally or physically e.g. In China a person over 18 years old is considered mature. Her character matured during these years. 5.carefree : free from anxiety ; having no worries or problems • e.g. Little children are always carefree. • He thought back to the carefree days of his childhood. • After finishing our exams we all felt happy and carefree.

18. While-reading: （III） Language points • 6. I was just living life up. : I was just enjoying life to my heart’s content. • 7. invincible : incapable of being overcome or defeated; unconquerable • e.g. Our manager has an invincible will.  • 我们的经理有着坚强的意志。 • There is no army in the world that is invincible. • 8. … so we didn’t hang out as much .: … so we did not spend a lot of time together as we had done before we go to high school. • Hang out : (informal) visit a place often; spend a lot of time in a particular place • e.g. Where has he been hanging out these days? • I often used to hang out in supermarkets.

19. While-reading: （III） Language points • 9. bother: • 1).disturb or anger ,especially by minor irritations; annoy • e.g. The problem has been bothering me for weeks. • 那问题已经困扰了我几个星期. • 2)take the trouble; concern oneself • e.g. Shall I help you with the washing up?' `Don't bother I'll do it later.' ‘ • 10. so I called him and he hung up on me : so I phoned him but he refused to talk to me on the phone by replacing the receiver. / so I rang him up , but he put back the receiver because he did not want to have a telephone conversation with me . • hang up (on) sb : ( informal ) end a telephone conversation by replacing the receiver • e.g. I didn't have a chance to apologize: she hung up on me.  • 我没有机会向她道歉，我还未讲完，她就把电话挂了。

20. While-reading: （III） Language points • 11. so once again I blew it off. : so I failed to get him once more. / so I once again gave up my effort to talk to him. • The word it in ‘blew it off’ has no exact meaning .it is used after the verb to help form the idiom “blow it off”. • 12. I confronted him as to why we are not friends any more. : I faced him bravely ( came face to face with him ), challenging him why we were not friends any more. • Confront: • 1).come face to face with , especially with defiance or hostility. • Confronted by an angry crowd the police retreated.

21. While-reading: （III） Language points • 2)come up against ; encounter • e.g. Walking in such a jungle, you will confront danger at every turn. • As to : with regard to ; on the subject of ;concerning • e.g. At worst we'll have to sell the house so as to settle our debts. • He is very uncertain as to whether it is the right job for him.

22. While-reading: （III） Language points • 13. break down: • (1)    lose control of one’s feelings • e.g. He broke down and wept when he heard the news. • (2) cease to function because of a mechanical or electrical fault • e.g. The telephone system has broken down. • (3) fail to have any results; collapse • e.g. Negotiations between the two sides have broken down .

23. While-reading: （III） Language points • 14. affect: • (1)    have an influence on or effect a change in • e.g. The climate affected his health.  • (2)  act on the emotions of ;touch or move • e.g. He was much affected by the sad news. 

24. While-reading: （III） Language points • 15. a sick joke : a disgusting joke ; a joke which is unhealthy or unnaturally cruel • 16. when I got home things started to make sense. : when I came back home , I began to understand things./ when I returned home I began to realize the situation. • Make sense : • (1)    have an understandable meaning • e.g. Can you make sense of this poem? • (2)    be sensible ; have or show sense • e.g. It doesn’t make sense to buy that very expensive leather coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.

25. While-reading: （III） Language points • 17. I had to handle it all on my own.: I had to cope with it completely by myself. / I had to deal with it all alone, since my parents would do nothing about it this time . • handle : • (1)    touch ,lift , or hold with the hands • e.g. Customers are asked not to handle the goods in the shop. • (2)    operate with the hands ; manipulate • e.g. He is very skillful at handling the machine . • (3)    cope with or dispose of • e.g. I was impressed by her handling of the affair.

26. While-reading: （III） Language points • 18. David and I became very close again .: David and I became intimate friends again, just as we had been in the past. • Close: • (1)    near in space or time • The two planets look very close to each other, but actually they are many light-years apart. • (2)    near in relationship • e.g. Close relatives are forbidden to marry each other. • (3) bound by mutual interests , loyalties, or affections ; intimate • e.g. We become close friends because of many similar likes and dislikes.

27. While-reading: （III） Language points • 19. sooner or later: one day ; eventually ( whether immediately or in the future ) • e.g. You will leave your parents sooner or later. • 20. find out : learn by study or inquiry • e.g. You can find out many advantages in urban life. • She will certainly find out the truth sooner or later.

28. While-reading: （III） Language points • 21. as if he had a plague. : as though he was a carrier of a plague. • Plague: • (1) an attack of disease causing death and spreading quickly to many people • e.g. A great plague was then raging in the city. • 那时一场大瘟疫正在该城肆虐。 • (2)  a widespread , uncontrollable , and harmful mass or number • e.g. A plague of locusts destroyed all the crops in this area. • 22. our friends from school wanted nothing to do with him : our friends from school did not want to have any connection with him. They stayed away from him and avoided getting in touch with him.

29. While-reading: （III） Language points • 23. all of a sudden : suddenly ; unexpectedly • e.g. All of a sudden , the front tyre burst, and the driver had to stop and get it replaced. • 24. keep up : move or progress at the same rate • e.g. The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up. • She likes to keep up with the latest fashions.

30. While-reading: （III） Language points • 25. realize: • (1) comprehend or understand completely or correctly • e.g. Only after you lose your health, will you realize the importance of health. • (2)    make real ; to make come true ; fulfill • e.g. He finally realized his lifelong ambition to be a diplomat. • 26. go through sth. : experience, endure or suffer sth. • e.g. She'sgone through a difficult time recently. • The hero has gone through numerous hardships and difficulties.

31. While-reading: （III） Language points • 27. I must keep a positive attitude for his sake. : • For his benefit I must maintain an active and cheerful attitude, showing a firm belief that he would be able to conquer his disease. / In order to improve David's health, I must continue to display confidence that he would be able to overcome AIDS in the end. • positive • (1) characterized by or displaying certainty, acceptance, or affirmation • e.g. There is positive proof that he did it.  • (2) very sure; quite certain; confident • e.g. We must keep a positive attitude towards patients suffering from cancer.

32. 28. stress • (1) a state of extreme difficulty, pressure, or strain • e.g. I can't bear the stresses and strains of modern life.我不能忍受现代生活的压力和紧张。 • (2) importance, significance, or emphasis placed on sth. : • e.g. The government put great stress on this issue. • 29. recognize: • know again (sb. or sth. that one has seen, heard, or experienced before) • e.g. He has changed so much that I can hardly recognize him.

33. While-reading: （III） Language points • 30. lesion : a wound; a dangerous change in the form or working of a part of the body, especially after an operation or accident • 损害,损伤精神的伤害,障碍 • e.g. He has purple lesions all over his body because he has experienced an operation. • The patient has been suffering from a brain lesion since his operation.

34. While-reading: （III） Language points • 31. maintain • (1) keep up or carry on; continue • e.g. Part of my job is to maintain good relationship with our suppliers. • (2) keep in an existing state; preserve or retain • e.g. The government has taken a measure to maintain the stability of prices.

35. While-reading: （III） Language points • 32.outlook • (1) a point of view; an attitude • e.g. A positive outlook on life is very important to success. • (2) view on which one looks out • e.g. The villa has a pleasant outlook over the valley.

36. While-reading: （III） Language points • 33. grateful : appreciative of benefits received; thankful; expressing gratitude • e.g. I am heartily grateful to your help. • I am very grateful to all the teachers who have taught me at this university.

37. While-reading: （IV） Difficult Sentences • （IV） Difficult Sentences • 1. I confronted him as to why we were not friends any more. • --I faced him bravely, challenging him why we were not friends any more. • 2. So how could I blame them since I would have done the same thing? • -- So how could find fault with them? I would have done the same thing if David and I had not been the best of friends.

38. 3. I pushed all my emotions aside and was strong for him. • -- I managed to conceal my emotions and tried to appear strong form his side. • 4. I now educate people about AIDS, which to me is keeping David’s memory alive. • -- I now teach people knowledge about AIDS, which is a way of my remembering him or keeping up his memory in my mind.

39. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical items • III. Post-Reading • (I) Grammatical items: • 1. Some determiners’ usage • 2. Number forms of the material noun and the abstract noun

40. 1. Some determiners’ usage • some, any • As an assertive word, some is generally used in affirmative sentences, and any, which is a non-assertive word, is generally used in negative or interrogative sentences, in conditional sentences or in sentences with negative implications. When some occurs in questions, it is implied that the speaker expects an affirmative answer. When some is followed by a singular count noun, it means a certain.

41. all, every, each, any • All the items in this group can function both as determiners and as indefinite pronouns with the exception of every which is a determiner only. • a) All refers to the whole of three or more than three, while both refers to the whole of only two. • b) We can use every and each to express the idea of “每个”. Every can’t be used to speak of only two people or things. • c) We can use any to express the idea of “任何一个”. Any refers to three or more than three people or things.

42. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical exercise • Exercises • 1. Put in any, each, all, every, some or one of their compounds. • (1)That book is so badly printed that there is a printer’s error on _____ page. So __________ page will have to be reset before we reprint. • (2) He is so much worried about his daughter as she is _________ to him. • (3)Let’s sit down __________ and talk. • (4) Burglaries are such a(n) __________ occurrence in big cities that most newspapers do not bother to report them. each every/each everything somewhere everyday

43. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical items somehow anything • (5) I must get to the shops ______ or other this afternoon. I haven’t got _____ in the house for supper. • (6) Do you know _______ who would be interested in a position as a a receptionist in our office? We need ______ with a really friendly manner. • (7) If war is to be averted, a(n)______ peace drive must be started at once. • (8) She put her handbag down __________ and now she can’t find it. anyone someone all-out somewhere

44. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical items • 2. Number forms of the material noun and the abstract noun Material nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. But there are some such items that can be used either uncountably or countably, e.g. sands/waters in the sense of “large expanse of sand or water”. Abstract nouns are mostly uncountable. They can’t take such determiners as a(n), one or plural forms. But there are a few abstract nouns that are countable like individual nouns, e.g. a victory, two victories.

45. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical items C • Exercises: Choose the best answer • (1) Columbus was determined to cross ______ of the Atlantic Ocean by sailing westwards from Europe • A. dangerous water B. the dangerous water • C. the dangerous water D. dangerous waters • (2) The young teacher has published ______ on the teaching of English. • A. three paper B. three pieces of paper • C. three papers D. three pieces of papers • (3) _______ of English is essential for those who apply for the post. • A. Good knowledge B. A good knowledge • C. Good knowledge D. The good knowledge C B

46. III. Post-Reading: (I) Grammatical items C (4) Diana is brilliant. She has certainly got ________ • A. plenty of brain B. brain C. plenty of brains D. much brain • (5) As everyone knows, warm _______ is comfortable in winter. • A. clothes B. clothings C. cloth D. clothing • (6) The earthquake caused _______ to the district. • A. damage B. a damage C. damages D. the damage D A

47. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises • （II）Translation Exercises • 1.这是为增强我们的竞争能力所做的有步骤的尝试. (strength) • It’s a systematic attempt to strengthen our competitive ability. • 2. 这个地区的警察知道那些小偷经常出没于那些地方 。(hang out) • The police in this district know where the thieves hang out. • 3.那些签署的协议将冲破对自由贸易设置的所有障碍。（break out) • The agreements signed will break down all the barriers to free trade.

48. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises • 4. 那是一种非常困难的局势，但他应付的很成功。（handle) • It was a very difficult situation, but he handled it quite successfully. 5. 他是我最好的朋友。既然他需要我的帮助，我可不能对 • 他置之不理。（turn one’s back on) • He is my best friend.I just can’t turn my back on him now that he • needs my help. 6. 只要你努力工作，你迟早一定会获得成功，实现自己的抱负。 （sooner or later) So long as you work hard, you are bound to succeed and realize • your ambition sooner or later.

49. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises • 7. 虽然他讨厌这工作，但他决心坚持下去，因为他需要钱来养家。(stick out) • Although he hates the job, yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money to support the family. • 8. 那位癌症病人对疾病始终抱乐观的态度，坚持与疾病作斗争，最后终于战胜了癌症 (keep an attitude) • The cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease, persisted in combating it, and conquered it in the end

50. III. Post-Reading: （II）Translation Exercises 9. 这所大学拥有教职工2000多人，其中包括150名左右教授和 500余名副教授。 The university has a stuff of more than 2000, including about 150 professors and over 500 associate professors 10. 举办这场音乐会是为了纪念这位作曲家逝世75周年。（mark) The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer’s death.